职称英语理工类A级新增文章.docx

职称英语理工类A级新增文章.docx

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职称英语理工类A级新增文章

2012年职称英语理工类

新增A级文章篇目

阅读理解（2篇）

+四＋五篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety

+四十六篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"EcosystemEngineers"

完形填空（2篇）

+十三篇SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells

+第十五篇“Liquefaction”KeytoMuchofJapaneseEarthquakeDamage

注：

1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；

2、完形填空请参见第#页；

第四＋五篇SmallButWise

OnDecember14,NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.Thetelescopeis

calledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don'tletitssmallsizefoolyou:

WISEhas

apowerfuldigitalcamera,anditwillbetakingpicturesofsomethewildestobjects2intheknown

universe,includingasteroids,faintstars,blazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanets

andstarsareborn.

"I'mveryexcitedbecausewe'regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven'tseen

before,"saidNedWright,ascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject.

Sincearrivinginspace,theWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarth,heldbygravityina

polarorbit4（thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5）.Itscamerais

pointedoutward,awayfromtheEarth,andWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartofthesky

every11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky.

ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon'tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographs,however.WISE

standsfor"Wide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer."Asitsnamesuggests,theWISEcameratakes

picturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6.

Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelight,includingthefamiliarspectrumof

light7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbow,isanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigital

cameratakesapictureofatree,forexample,itreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelens,they'reprocessedbythecamera,whichthenputstheimagetogether.

Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelight,soordinarydigitalcameras

don'tseethem,andneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeye,longer

infraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin.

That'sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan't.Not

everythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroids,forexample,aregiantrocksthat

floatthroughspace一buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon'treflectlight,sothey'redifficulttosee.Buttheydogiveoffinfraredradiation,soaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesof

hundredsofthousandsofasteroids.

Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE'spictures.

Theseobjectsare"failed"stars一whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9the

samekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Instead,browndwarfssimplyshrinkand

cooldown.They'resodimthatthey'realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelight,butinthe

infraredspectrumtheyglow.

词汇：

trashcan/'træʃ,kæn/n．垃圾箱

infrared/'infrə'red/adj．红外线

asteroid/'æstərɔid/n.小行星

dwarf/dwɔ:

f/n.矮星

注释：

1.NASA（美国国家航空航天局）是缩写词，全称是NationalAeronauticsandSpace

Administration

2.thewildestobjects：

任何你能想象得到的天体。

wild有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”意思。

3.faintstars,blazinggalaxies：

指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。

4.polarorbit：

极地轨道。

指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90。

的人造地球卫星轨道。

人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空，即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。

需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。

5.lap：

一圈。

原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回，如：

Sheovertooktheotherrunnersonthelastlap.她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。

6.infraredradiation：

红外线辐射

7.spectrumoflight：

光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域。

8.Browndwarfs：

褐矮星。

褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难。

9.jumpstart:

启动

练习：

1.WhatissospecialaboutWISE?

AItissmallinsizebutcarriesalargecamera.

BItisassmallasatrashcan.

CItsdigitalcameracanhelpastronomerstoseetheunknownspace.

DNeverbeforehasatelescopecarriedadigitalcamerainspace.

2.WhichisNOTthesynonymfortheword"snap"inthethirdparagraph?

Amake.

Bshoot.

Ctake

Dphotograph.

3.ThecameraonWISE

Aisnodifferentfromanordinarycamera.

Bdoesnotseeinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoes.

Ccatchestheinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoesnot.

Dreflectslightthathumaneyescansee.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectabout"asteroids"accordingtoparagraph7?

AAsteroidsfloatthroughspacegivingoffvisiblelight.

BAsteroidsdonotreflectlightthatreachesthem.

CItisdifficulttotakeasteroids'picturesbyordinarycameras,

DTheWISEtelescopecantakepicturesofasteroids

5.Whatisimpliedinthelastparagraph?

ABrowndwarfsgiveoffvisiblelight.

BBrowndwarfsgiveoffinfraredradiation.

CBrowndwarfsarepowerstarslikethesun.

DBrowndwarfsareimpossibletoseewiththeWISEtelescope.

答案与题解：

1.C短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。

WISE的特殊之处就在于，虽然体积小，但它的数码相机能拍到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中（intheknownuniverse）的未知天文现象。

其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。

2.Asnap是个多义词，可以解释为“拍照”，更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。

这里shoot,take和photograph都是snap的同义词。

3.C短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。

人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visiblelights，看不见红外线辐射（infraredradiation），而WISE的相机能够看到。

4.A短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如asteroids，所以A是正确选项。

其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。

5.B最后一段的第一句说，褐矮星能出现在WISE照片中，根据上文对WISE望远镜的描述只有WISE望远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B是正确选择。

第四十六篇

AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"EcosystemEngineers"

　　ResearchbytheUniversityofExeter1hasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas"ecosystemengineers"andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheirlocalenvironment.

　　Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding2activityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.

　　Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.

　　DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity'sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:

"Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They'realsoveryterritorial3andveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea."

　　"Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups4.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,"Sanderssaid.

　　Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,particularlythedensityofherbivoresanddecomposers.Athigherdensitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationiscounteractingthepositiveinfluence.

　　DrFrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:

"Whatwefindisthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffectonanimalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,theirpredatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect—therebycounteractingthepositiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering."

　　Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausetheyconstituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomass5butalsobecausetheyactasecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversity6isincrediblyhighandtheseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact,whichobviouslyreducesitsrichness.However,itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem．Antsareimportantinbelowgroundprocesses8throughthealterationofthephysicalandchemicalenvironmentandthroughtheireffectsonplants,microorganisms,andothersoilorganisms.

词汇：

predator/'predətə/n．食肉动物

nutrient/'nju:

triənt/n．营养物；adj．营养的

decomposer/,di:

kəm'pəuzə/n．腐生物；分解体

prey/prei/v．捕食；n．被捕食的动物

subtlety/'sʌtlti/n，微妙，精妙

herbivore/'hʒ:

bivɔ:

/n．食草动物

注释：

1.theUniversityofExeter：

埃克斯特大学。

1851年建校，位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特市，是英国著名的传统大学之一。

2.nestbuilding：

筑巢

3.territorial：

领地的。

在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性，即具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力保卫自己的领地。

4.anincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups：

其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。

5.biomass：

物质名词，由bio和mass两部分组成，意为“生物量”“生物质”。

6.biodiversity：

物质名词，由bio和diversity两部分组成，意为“生物多样性”。

7.themaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem：

蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。

8.belowgroundprocesses：

土壤下面的（工作）过程，即影响生态环境的过程。

练习：

1.Whyareantscomparedtoecosystemengineers?

ABecausetheybuildtheirownnests.

BBecausetheycollectfood.

CBecausetheiractivityaffectstheenvironment.

DBecausetheyarepredators.

2.Aspredators,ants

Apreyonsmallaswellaslargeanimals.

Bcollectnutritiousfoodfromthesoil

Ccollectfoodasdecomposers.

Dpreyonspeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.

3.DirSanders'studycenteredonhowants

Acanmanagetothriveinhugenumbers.

Bdefendtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.

Cattackthoseinvadinganimalsforsurvival.

Dproducesuchabigimpactontheenvironment.

4.Whatdoesparagraph6tellus?

AAntsbringaboutanegativeinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.

BAntsbringaboutapositiveinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.

CAnts'predationcounteractsthepositiveinfluencetheymayhaveonanarea.

DAthigherdensity,antsproduceapositivei