6 Who are we.docx
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6Whoarewe
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Therearesomegreatquestions
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thathaveintriguedandhauntedus
sincethedawnofhumanity.
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Whatisoutthere?
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Howdidwegethere?
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Whatistheworldmadeof?
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Thestoryofoursearch
toanswerthosequestions
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isthestoryofscience.
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Ofallhumanendeavours,
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sciencehashadthegreatestimpact
onourlives,
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onhowweseetheworld,
onhowweseeourselves.
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Itsideas,itsachievements,
itsresultsareallaroundus.
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Sohowdidwearrive
atthemodernworld?
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Theanswerismoresurprising
andmorehumanthanyoumightthink.
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Itisataleofpower,
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proof,
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andpassion.
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Thistime,oneofthemoreintimate
questionswe'veeverasked.
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Whatmakesushuman?
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Thequestion,whatishumannature,
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whatisitthatshapesourthoughts,
feelingsanddesires,
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isonethatphilosophers,
writersandreligiousleaders
haveallstruggledwith.
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Iamparticularlyinterested
inhowsciencehaswrestled
withthisparticularquestion,
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andthat'snotjustbecause
itgetstotheheartofwhoweare,
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butalsobecauseitgetsto
theheartofwhatscienceitselfis.
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Iwanttobeginwith
oneofthegreatcivilisations
oftheancientworld-
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Egypt.
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TheancientEgyptianswereamongst
thefirstpeopleweknowabout
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toreallywrestlewiththequestion,
whatmakesushuman?
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Wehumansareacutelyaware
ofourselves,
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ofthesenseofbeingalive,
oflivingwithinourownskin.
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Butwheredoesthis"me"reside?
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Whereisthecontrolcentre?
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Whereistheessence
ofwhatItrulyam?
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Egyptianbeliefs
aboutwhatmadeushuman
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arerevealedintheirattitudes
totheafterlife.
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Certainorgans,
likethestomach,lungsorliver,
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wereseenassocriticaltheywere
frequentlyremoved,embalmed,
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andputbackinsidethebody
forburial.
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TheEgyptiansbelievedthatthe
heartwasthekeytotheafterlife,
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thatwhenyoudieditwouldtestify
foryourgoodoryourbaddeeds.
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Onthispapyrusyoucanseeaheart
beingweighedupagainstafeather.
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Ifitwasheavierthanthefeather
thenthisdemonoverhere
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wouldcomeandeatit,
andthatwasalloverforyou.
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Infact,theideaofbeing
light-heartedorheavy-hearted
comesfromtheEgyptians.
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Andinawayyoucanunderstand
whytheythoughtthattheemotions
residedintheheart.
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CertainlywhenIhavebeen
broken-heartedI'vefeltit
inmygut,andinmychest.
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SotheEgyptianstreatedtheheart
withgreatreverence.
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Butwhataboutthatotherorgan
wenowregardasmorecentral
toourhumanity?
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HereatManchesterUniversity,
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ateamofEgyptologists
arestudyinga2,500-year-oldmummy.
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Anendoscopeisgoingtobe
pushedupitsnose
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toshowmehowtheEgyptians
treatedthebrain.
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Carefully.
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Asweenterthenose
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throughthenasalseptum...
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Howextraordinary.
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It'slikegoingintosomesortof
hiddencave.Itis,isn'tit?
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It'sasecretworld,really.
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Wewouldnormallybestoppedfrom
goingthroughthere
becauseofthebone
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thatwouldseparatethebrain
fromthenasalcavity.
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Whichshouldbethere.
Yes,itshouldbethere,ofcourse.
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Right.Andsonowyou'reactually
enteringtheskull?
Yes.
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Ooh!
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That'sasortof,asuture
inthetopofthehead,isn'tit?
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Thereseemstobesomethingmissing.
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Yes,there'sabrainmissing.
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Howextraordinary.
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Dotheynotseethebrain
asimportant?
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Theyrecognisedthat
thebraincontrolled
someofthebodilyactions,
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buttheycertainlydidn'tthink
thattheindividualpersonality
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waslocatedinthebrain.
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Sotheyremoveditanddiscardedit.
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Sotheyjusttookit
andchuckeditout.Yes.
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Itshowsacertaincontemptfor
whatweregardasoneofourmore
importantorgansnow.Absolutely.
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TheEgyptianconceptofwhatmakes
uswhowearewasamysticalunion
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betweenthephysicalbody
andaneverlastingspirit.
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Oneoftherecurringideastoemerge
outofearlycivilisations
liketheEgyptians
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wasthebeliefthatweare
morethansimplyfleshandblood.
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Thereissomethingelse,something
whichisspecialandmakesushuman.
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Thisconvictionisoneof
themostpowerfulandenduring
inhumanhistory.
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Thisbeliefshapesthinking
formillennia.
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ButasEuropeemerged
fromtheMiddleAges,
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peoplestartedto
approachthequestiondifferently.
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Thephysicalandintellectual
frontiersofEuropewerechanging,
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andthatwouldencourage
averydifferentviewofwhoweare.
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Thatnewviewcanbeglimpsedhere,
thegrandestroyalpalaceinFrance.
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Amongstthisgreatsplendour,
there'sanintriguingtechnology...
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..thattomereflectsagreatchange
inhowwesawourselves,
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capturedinonemagnificentroom.
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Andthisisit.It'sthegreat
hallofmirrorsinVersailles.
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Itisabsolutelyfantastic,
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andthewholeroomutterlydominated
bythiswallofmirrors
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whichextendsdown
almost100metres.
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I'veneverseenmirrors
onthisscale.
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Thisreallyis
cutting-edgetechnology.
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Nowthisisnotabsolutelyperfect,
thesurfacenotcompletelysmooth,
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youcanseelittlebubbleshere
intheglass.
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It'snotperfect,it'snotlike
asortofmodernmirror.
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Butthesizeandthescale
isunlikeanything
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whichwasreallydonebefore,
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andcomparedtothesortof
curvy-wurvythings
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thatmostpeoplewouldknowoffrom
centuriesearlier,
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thiswassomethingdifferent.
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Becausetherewasnothing,
nothing,nothinglikethis
hadbeendevelopedbefore.
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Itallowedpeople
tojuststandthere
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andlookatthemselvesandthink,
youknow,"WhoamI?
""Thisisme."
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Thesemirrorsrepresent
theculminationofanidea
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thathadbeenemerginginEurope
sincetheRenaissance.
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Thenotionthat
weareallindividuals.
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Notmembersofaclass,oraguild,
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butdefinedbyourowndesires,
ambitions,anddestinies.
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Alongwiththisgrowingawareness
ofselfcamedifferentquestions.
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WhatmakesMEwhoIam?
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WhydoIhavethesehopes,
thesefears,thesetalents,
theseexpectations?
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Andmostimport
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