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unit12
Unit12
Objectives:
●you’regoingtohearsomeimportantdatesinemailhistory.Supplythemissingdatesandwords.
●Listentoashorttalkaboutabbreviationsusedontheinternet.Whatdotheseabbreviationsmean?
Writedownthefullmeaning.
Languagepoint
Teachingimportance
News(
)
Part1warmingup
Keyword:
avalanche
Afallorslideofalargemass,asofsnoworrock,downamountainside.
雪崩,山崩:
大块物质如雪或岩石,沿着山坡降落或下滑
avalanche['ævə,læntʃ] ['ævə,læntʃ] 翻译:
雪崩
avalanche n.雪崩; vi.雪崩;雪崩般塌落; vt.(因大量涌至而)把...淹没,使无法应付
mudslide
Amudflow,especiallyaslow-movingone.
泥流:
泥流,尤指流速较慢的一类
mudslide['mʌdslaid] ['mʌd,slaɪd] 翻译:
泥石流
mudslide n.(沿缓坡而下的)徐缓黏滞泥流;泥流
earthquake
cyclone
MeteorologyAnatmosphericsystemcharacterizedbytherapid,inwardcirculationofairmassesaboutalow-pressurecenter,usuallyaccompaniedbystormy,oftendestructive,weather.CyclonescirculatecounterclockwiseintheNorthernHemisphereandclockwiseintheSouthernHemisphere.
【气象学】气旋:
以围绕一个底气压中心快速向内旋转为特征的气流系统,通常伴有暴风雨,常常是破坏性的天气。
旋转方向在北半球为逆时针方向,在南半球为顺时针方向
Aviolent,rotatingwindstorm.
旋风,龙卷风:
猛烈旋转的暴风
Anyofvariousdevicesusingcentrifugalforcetoseparatematerials.
旋风器:
一种利用离心力分离物质的仪器
hurricanes
AseveretropicalcycloneoriginatingintheequatorialregionsoftheAtlanticOceanorCaribbeanSea,travelingnorth,northwest,ornortheastfromitspointoforigin,andusuallyinvolvingheavyrains.
飓风:
一种猛烈的热带风暴,形成于大西洋或加勒比海赤道地区,从形成地向北、西北或东北移动,通常携有大量雨水
Awindwithaspeedgreaterthan74miles(119kilometers)perhour,accordingtotheBeaufortscale.
暴风:
按照蒲氏风级,时速达74英里(119公里)以上的风
Somethingresemblingahurricaneinforceorspeed.
快速强烈的事物:
在力量或速度上与飓风相似的东西
(西印度群岛的)飓风,强热带风暴
Thehurricaneflungtheirmotorboatupontherocks.
飓风把他们的摩托艇抛到岩石上。
tornado
Arotatingcolumnofairusuallyaccompaniedbyafunnel-shapeddownwardextensionofacumulonimbuscloudandhavingavortexseveralhundredyardsindiameterwhirlingdestructivelyatspeedsofupto500miles(800kilometers)perhour.
龙卷风,陆龙卷:
一种纵向的气旋,伴随有倒漏斗形的积雨云,涡流直径达几百码,以每小时五百英里(八百公里)的速度移动,其旋转具有极大的毁坏性
AviolentthunderstorminwesternAfricaornearbyAtlanticwaters.
大雷飑:
西非或其附近大西洋水域上的猛烈雷雨风暴
Awhirlwindorhurricane.
旋风或飓风
typhoon
AtropicalcycloneoccurringinthewesternPacificorIndianoceans.
台风:
发生在西太平洋或印度洋的热带暴风
ProbablyalterationofChinese(Cantonese)toifung
可能为汉语(广东话)toifung的变化
PerhapsfewwordsbetterillustratethepolyglotbackgroundofEnglishthantyphoon,withitsChinese,Arabic,EastIndian,andGreekbackground.TheGreekwordtyphon,boththenameofthefatherofthewindsandacommonnounmeaning“whirlwind,typhoon,”wasborrowedintoArabic(aswasmanyaGreekwordduringtheMiddleAges,whenArabiclearningbothpreservedtheclassicalheritageandexpandeduponit,passingitontoEurope).Ù¿f³n,}theArabicversionoftheGreekword,passedintolanguagesspokeninIndia,whereArabic-speakingMosleminvadershadsettledinthe11thcentury.ThusthedescendantoftheArabicword,passingintoEnglish(firstrecordedin1588)throughanIndianlanguageandappearinginEnglishinformssuchastouffonandtufan,originallyreferredspecificallytoaseverestorminIndia.China,anothergreatempire,gaveusyetanotherwordforastorm,inthiscasethehurricanethatoccurredinthewatersaroundChina.ThisChinesewordinitsCantoneseform,toifung,wassimilartoourArabicborrowingandisfirstrecordedinEnglishguiseastuffoonin1699.Thevariousformscoalescedandfinallybecametyphoon.
也许很少有单词能像typhoon一样表明汉语、阿拉伯语、东印度语和希腊语的多国语言背景。
希腊单词typhon既是风神的姓名又是意为“旋风,台风”的普通名词,被借入到阿拉伯语(就象在中世纪时许多希腊语单词进入阿拉伯语一样,那时,阿拉伯人的学问保存了古典的风格,同时在把它传向欧洲时又有所扩充)。
Tufan,希腊语的阿拉伯语形式,传入到了印度人使用的语言,11世纪时讲阿拉伯语的穆斯林入侵者在印度定居下来。
这样,阿拉伯语单词的衍生,从印度语言进入英语(最早记载于1588年),并以如touffon和tufan的形式出现于英语中,最先特指印度的猛烈风暴。
中国,另一个大帝国,给了我们风暴的另一个单词,这里指的是在中国附近洋面发生的飓风。
汉语单词的广东语形式toifung同我们的阿拉伯语借用词相近,最早以tuffoon的形式于1699年载入英语。
各种形式合并在一起最后变成了typhoon
drought
Alongperiodofabnormallylowrainfall,especiallyonethatadverselyaffectsgrowingorlivingconditions.
干旱:
长时期的过低降雨量,特别指妨碍生长或生存的这样一段时期
Aprolongeddearthorshortage.
长期缺乏或不足
Flood
forestfire
Vocabulary:
Strain
n.过度的疲劳,紧张,张力,应变
vt.
扭伤,损伤
v.
拉紧,扯紧,(使)紧张,尽力
拉紧,扯紧
Theystrainedontheropetopulltheboatin.
他们拉紧绳子以便使船靠岸。
竭尽全力
tostrainone'seye
竭尽全力看
努力,奋力
损伤,损耗
IstrainedmybackwhenIliftedthebox.
我抬箱子的时候扭了背。
紧抱,紧握
Shestrainedtheboytoherbosom.
她把孩子紧紧搂在怀里。
滤
Therearetealeavesinmycup-youhaven'tstrainedthetea.
我的杯子里有茶叶,你没有滤过茶。
Doyousufferfromthestrainofmodernlife?
你苦于现代生活的紧张吗?
(身体的)扭伤,拉伤
曲调;旋律
语调;笔调;措词;谈吐
inadismalstrain
以一种忧郁的语调
crust
外壳,硬壳,
Ahard,crispcoveringorsurface:
坚硬表面:
硬的、脆的外皮或外壳:
snowwithafirmcrust.
有一层坚硬冰面的雪
Thehardouterportionorsurfaceareaofbread.
面包皮:
面包的表面区域的硬皮
Apieceofbreadconsistingmostlyofthehardouterportion.
硬面包片:
主要由外表硬皮构成的面包片
Apieceofbreadthathasbecomehardanddry.
干面包片:
变硬变干的面包片
Apastryshell,asofapieortart.
馅饼皮:
馅饼或果馅饼等的面团的外壳
knot
节(船速,=哩/小时)
Innauticalusageknotisaunitofspeed,notofdistance,andhasabuilt-inmeaningof“perhour.”Therefore,ashipwouldstrictlybesaidtotravelattenknots(nottenknotsperhour).
在航海术语中,knot是一个速度单位,而不是一个距离长度单位,这个词本身就含有“每小时”的意思。
因此严格的说法应该是:
一艘船以10节的速度航行(而不是每小时10节)
whirl
Torotateorspinrapidly:
急转:
急速旋转或回旋:
Thedancerwhirledacrossthestage.
舞蹈者穿过舞台翩翩起舞
breadth
Breadthisthedistancefromonesideofanobjecttotheother.
Forexample:
Thelengthisgreaterthanthebreadthoftheobject.
宽度
prolong
Tolengtheninduration;protract.
延长:
增加持续时间;持久
Tolengtheninextent.
拉长:
在程度上加长
duration
Continuanceorpersistenceintime.
持续,持久时间上的连续或持续
Aperiodofexistenceorpersistence:
持续时期:
satquietlythroughthedurationofthespeech.
在演讲期间安静地坐着
持续时间
Wehopethewarwillbeshortduration.
我们希望战争是短期的。
期间fortheduration
在整个战争期间
在很长一段时间
持续;持久;持续时间;延续性
期限[间];存在时间
波期;宽度
adiscussionoflong[short]duration
长(短)时间的讨论
thesummervacationofeightweek'sduration
八周的暑假
thedurationofflight
续航时间
Herearethedefinitionsofsomedisasternames.Listencarefully.Fillintheblankswithwhatyouhearonthetapeandstudythedefinitioncarefully.
1.Anavalancheisalargeamountofice,snow,earth,rockorothermaterialsslidingswiftlydownthesideofamountainorfallingdownacliff.
2.Amudslideisaslow-movingmudflowthatmovesdownagradualslope.
3.AnearthquakeisthesuddenreleaseofstrainenergyintheEarth’sresultinginwavesofshakingthatradiateoutwardsfromtheearthquakesource.
4.Acycloneisastormorsystemofwindsthatrotatesaroundacenteroflowatmosphericpressure,advancesataspeedofabout30to50kilometersanhour,andoftenbringsheavyrain.
5.Hurricanesaretropicalcycloneswithwindsthatexceed64knotsor74milesperhourandcirculateabouttheircentersinthewesternAtlanticOcean.
6.Atornadoisaviolentdestructivewhirlingwindusuallyaccompaniedwithseverethunder,lightning,andtorrentsofrain,andcommonlyofshortdurationandsmallbreadth.
7.Atyphoonisatypeofviolenttropicalstormwithstrongcircularwindsthatexceed74mph.ItespeciallyhappensinthePacificOcean.
8.Adroughtisaperiodofdrynessespeciallywhenprolongedthatcausesextensivedamagetocropsorpreventstheirsuccessfulgrowth.
9.Afloodisarisingandoverflowingofabodyofwaterespeciallyontonormallydryland.
10.Aforestfireisawildfireoranuncontrolledfirethatisburninginforest,grassorotherareasofvegetation.
Key
1.ice,snow,rock/theslideofamountain
2.aslow-movingmudflow
3.thesuddenrelease/wavesofshaking
4.systemofwinds/about30to50kilometersanhour
5.64knotsor74milesperhour/inthewesternAtlanticOcean
6.aviolentdestructivewhirlingwind/ofshortduration
7.74mph/inthePacificOcean
8.aperiodofdryness/preventstheirsuccessfulgrowth
9.abodyofwater/normallydryland
10.awildfireoranuncontrolledfire
B
Keywords:
Bombexplosion
Oceanstorm
crash
Crashistheactionofhighspeedobjectcollidingwitheachotherorrunningintoeachother.
Forexample:
Wecandescribeacaraccidenthasbeenthecarcrash.
碰撞
Toundergosuddendamageordestructiononimpact:
损毁,坠毁:
碰撞中造成的突然损毁:
Theircarcrashedintoaguardrail.Theairplanecrashedovertheocean.
他们的车撞上护栏。
飞机在海洋上坠毁
Snow
Hijacker
强盗,劫盗,劫持犯(尤指劫持飞机)
Nuclearreaction
核反应
sunkennuclearsubmarine
沉没的核潜艇
heavyrains
大雨
Storm
Earthquake
Fires
Vocabulary
ski
滑雪橇
vi.
滑雪
submarine
潜水艇,潜艇
flare-up
突然起燃,突然起火
火焰,光等的骤发,骤燃,怒气(或疾病)的发作,昙花一现式的出名,喧笑
Asuddenoutbreakofflameorlight:
骤燃,骤发:
突然的燃烧或闪耀:
aflare-upoftheembers.
余火的突然闪耀
Anoutburstoreruption:
暴怒:
突然的爆发或迸发:
aflare-upofanger.
怒气的爆发
Arecurrenceoranintensification:
再发:
反复出现或加剧:
aflare-upofrheumatism.
风湿病的加剧
Bahrain
巴林
TheGulfAirlines
海湾航空公司
AirFrance
法国航空公司
Algiers
ThecapitalandlargestcityofAlgeria,inthenorthontheBayofAlgiers,anarmoftheMediterraneanSea.AnancientNorthAfricanport,AlgierswascapturedbyFrenchforcesin1830andwaslaterapivotalcenterofthestruggleforAlgerianindependence.Population,1,523,000.
阿尔及尔:
阿尔及利亚的首都和最大的城市,位于地中海海湾阿尔及尔湾的北面。
阿尔及尔是一个历史悠久的北非港口,于1830年为法军所占领,以后又成为阿尔及利亚独立运动的中心。
人口1,523,000
Nowlistentosomenewsleads.Focusyourattentionon“who,”“what,”“where,”andthenumbersineachleadandwritedownwhatyouhearinthegivenspaces.
1.AbombexplosioninAlgiers/inamarketarea
2.oceanstorm/thePacificcoastofMexico
3.thecauseofacrashofapassengerplane/All143people/Wednesday
4.Austrians/the38people/atskiareas
5.thehijacker