自考英语词汇学名词解释.docx

自考英语词汇学名词解释.docx

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自考英语词汇学名词解释

一、选择1-15；二、填空16-20*2；三、四、21-40选择连线；五、41-45名词解释*2；六、简答46-48*4；七、分析综合49-50*9

针对复习：

一、选择：

二、填空：

三、四、选择连线*****

1、typesofmorphemes:

Freemorphemes;boundmorphemes;inflectionalmorphemes.

2、typesofboundmorphemes：

Prefix;Suffix.

3、typesofidioms:

IdiomsNominalinnature;IdiomsAdjectivalinnature;IdiomsVerbalinnature;IdiomsAdverbalinnature;sentenceidioms.

4、typesofwordmeaning:

Grammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning;conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning（connotativemeaning\stylistic~\affective~\collocative~）

5、idiomsstylisticfeatures:

colloquialisms;slang;literaryexpressions.

6、idiomsrhetoricalfeatures:

phoneticmanipulation（alliteration\rhyme）;lexicalmanipulation（reiteration\repetition\juxtaposition）;figuresofspeech（simile\metaphor\metonymy\synecdovhe\euphemism\personification）

7、typesofwordformation:

affixation;compounding;conversion;blending;clipping;acronym;back-formation;wordfrompropernames.

8、changesinwording:

extension;narrowing;elevation;degradation;transfer.

9、typesofmotivation:

morphologicalmotivated;semantic~;etymological~;onomatopoeic~

10、语系划分的标准Esternset:

Balto-Slavic（Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.）,Indo-Iranian（Persian,Hindi）,ArmenianandAlbanian；Westernset:

Celtic（Scottish,Irish,Welsh,Breton）,Italic（Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,Roumanian）,Hellenic（Greek）,Germanic（Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,English,German）.

五、41-45名词解释*2；

Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.

Morphology:

thestudyofmorphemeandtheirdifferentforms.

Semantics：

thestudyofwordmeaning.

Etymology:

thestudyoftheoriginofwords,andoftheirhistoryandchangesintheirmeaning.

Stylistics:

thestudyofthevariationinlanguagewhichisdependentonthesituationinwhichthelanguageisusedandalsoontheeffectthewriterorspeakerwishestocreateonthereaderorhearer

Lexicography:

thecompilingofdictionaries.

Synchronicstudy:

thestudyofawordorwordsatoneparticularpointintime.

Diachronicstudy:

anapproachtolexicologywhichstudieshowaword（orwords）changesoveraperiodoftime.

word:

awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

vocabulary：

Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.

Terminology术语consistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine:

Jargon行话referstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselvessuchasinbusiness.

slang俚语belongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwords

Argot黑话generallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.Itsuseisconfinedtothesub-culturalgroups,andoutsiderscanhardlyunderstandit,

Archaisms古词语arewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.

Neologisms新词语arenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.

denizens同化词arewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.

Alien非同化词areborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.

Translation-loans.借译词Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

Semantic-loans借义词Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.Buttheirmeaningsareborrowed.

Contentword:

thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabulary,whichaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.Itisthemostimportantpartofvocabulary.

Creation:

theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.Semanticchangemeansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.

Morpheme:

thesmallestmeaningfulunitinalanguage

Allomorph:

anyofthedifferentformsofamorpheme

Freemorpheme:

alinguisticformwhichcanbeusedonitsownasaword

Boundmorpheme:

aform（morpheme）whichcannotheusedalonehutmustbeusedwithanothermorpheme.Boundmorphemesincludehoundrootsandaffixes

Affixes:

formsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction

Prefixation（suffixation）:

istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixes（suffixes）tostem

Inflectionalaffixes:

affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationships

Derivationalaffixes:

affixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords

Root:

amorphemewhichisthebasicpartofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity

Stem:

aformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded

Boundroot:

arootthatcannotstandaloneasaword

Monomorphemicwords:

wordsthathavenothingmorethanafreemorpheme

Affixation:

Derivation（alsoknownasaffixation）istheprocessofformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Affixatonconsisitsofprefixationandsuffixation.Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems;suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.

Compounding:

Compoundingorcompositionistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Wordsformedinthiswaytirecalledcompounds.

Conversion：

Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Functionalshift=conversionZero-derivation.Adjectivetonoun:

（1）fullconversion

（2）partialconversion

AcronymyAcronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofneamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicaltermsAcronymy包含两类:

1）initialisms（不发音）e.g.BBC,VOA,TB2）acronyms（形成新的发音）e.g.CORE,TEFL

Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawon!

plusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedbyblendingarecalledblendsorpormanteau.

Clippingisawayofmakingnewwordswhichinvolvestheshorteningalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.

Back-formationisaprocessofformingnewwordsconsideredtotheoppositeprocessofsuffixationbytheremovalofanaffixfromexistingword.

Wordsfrompropernamesofplace,people,trade,book,etc.

Concept,isbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind

Sense:

denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.

Referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld

外来词分为四类：

1Denizens,cupfromcuppa,portformportus2）Aliensgarage,décor3）Translation–loanse.g.longtimenosee4）Semantic-loans.e.g.dream.

Motivation分类：

onomatopoeicmotivation,morphologicalmotivation,semanticmotivation,etymologicalmotivation.

Typesofmeaning:

grammatical~&lexical~;conceptual~&associative~（connotative~,stylistic~,affective~,collocative~,）

多义关系及两种研究方法:

Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguagethatonewordhastwoormoresensesormeanings.Diachronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudieshowawordderiveditsdifferentmeaningsfromitsprimarymeaninginthecourseoftime.Synchronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudiesthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.Primarymeaningistheonlymeaningthatawordhadwhenitwasfirstcreated.Derivedmeaningsarethemeaningsthatawordgetsfromtheprimarymeaningatdifferentstagesofitsdevelopmentinthecourseoftime.

同形同音异义关系Homonymyisoneofthefeaturesofwordsthatawordisdifferentinmeaningfromanother,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingwiththeotherHomonymsgenerallyfallintothreeclasses:

perfecthomonyms（samename）;homographs（samespelling）andhomophones（somesound）.Perfecthomonymsarethosewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bear/bea/（n）alargeheavyanimal;bear/bea/（v）toputupwith.Homographsarethewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.saw//（v）toscatterseeds;sow/sau/（n）femaleadultpig.Homophonesrefertothewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear/dia/（n）alovedperson;deer/dia/（n）akindofanimal.

同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree,e.g.neck（See6.1Polysemy）.Ontheotherhand,meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwo