英语写作的常见错误.docx
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英语写作的常见错误
英语写作常见错误分析
一.不一致(Disagreements)
所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等.
例1.When one have money ,he can do what he want to .
(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.)
剖析:
one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has 。
同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.
改为:
Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)
二.修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)
英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解.例1.I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
剖析:
better位置不当,应置于句末.
三.句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生.
例1.There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .
剖析:
本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句.
改为:
There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.
四.悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如:
At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了.
改为:
When I was ten, my grandfather died.
例1.To do well in college, good grades are essential.
剖析:
句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚.
改为:
To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
五.词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
“词性误用”常表现为:
介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等.
例1.None can negative the importance of money.
剖析:
negative 系形容词,误作动词。
改为:
None can deny the importance of money.
六.指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。
试看下面这一句:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。
)
读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。
如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。
这个句子可改为:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
例1.And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.
剖析:
句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。
改为:
We can also know society by serving it ourselves.
七.不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)
什么叫run-on sentence?
请看下面的例句。
例1.There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析:
这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:
“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。
简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
改为:
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:
There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside
world
八.措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)
Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教案时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。
他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。
所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
例1.The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.
(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。
)
剖析:
显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。
另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。
改为:
The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
九.累赘(Redundancy)
言以简洁为贵。
写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。
能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。
如:
In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:
In spite of his laziness, I like him.
例1.For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.
剖析:
整个句子可以大大简化。
改为:
Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
十.不连贯(Incoherence)
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。
这也是考生常犯的毛病。
例1.The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
剖析:
The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。
It 与things 在数方面不一致。
改为:
Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
十一.综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)
所谓“综合性语言错误”,是指除了上述十种错误以外,还有诸如时态,语态,标点符号,大小写等方面的错误。
例1.Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.
作文开头部分
1-1对立法:
先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题.
例如(e.g)
[1].Whenaskedabout.....,thevast/overwhelmingmajorityofpeoplesaythat.......ButIthink/viewabitdifferently.
[2].Whenitcomesto....,somepeoplebelievethat.......Othersargue/claimthattheopposite/reverseistrue.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments/statements,but(Itendtotheprofer/latter...)
[3].Now,itiscommonly/generally/widelybelieved/held/acknowledgedthat....Theyclaim/believe/arguethat...ButIwonder/doubtwhether.....
1-2现象法引出要剖析的现象或者问题,然后评论.
e.g [1].Recentlytheriseinproblemof/(phenomenonof)...hascaused/arousedpublic/popular/wide/worldwideconcern.
[2].Recentlytheissueoftheproblemof/thephenomenonof...hasbeenbroughtintofocus.(hasbeenbraughttopublicattention)
[3].Inflation/Corruption/Socialinequality...isyetanotherofthenewandbittertruthwehavetolearntofacenow/constantly.
1-3观点法----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.
e.g:
[1]. Neverhistoryhasthechangeof..beenasevidentas...Nowhereintheworld/Chinahastheissue/ideaof..beenmorevisible/popularthan...
[2]. Nowpeopleingrowing/significantnumbersarebeginning/comingtorealize/accept/(beaware)that...
[3]. Nowthereisagrowingawareness/recognitionofthenecessityto......
Nowpeoplebecomeincreasinglyaware/consciousoftheimportanceof......
[4].Perhapsitistimetohaveafreshlookattheattitude/ideathat.......
1-4引用法-----先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法,来引出文章要展开论述的观点!
e.g:
[1]."Knowledgeispower."suchistheremarkmadebyBacon.Thisremarkhasbeensharedbymoreandmorepeople.
"Educationisnotcompletewithgraduation."Suchistheopinionofagreat Americanphilosopher.Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharehisopinion. [2]."........."Howoftenwehearsuchstatements/wordsliketheses/this.
Inourowndaysweareusedtohearingsuchtraditionalcomplainsasthis"......".
1-5比较法------通过对过去,现在两种不同的倾向,观点的比较,引出文章要讨论的观点.
e.g:
[1].Foryears,...hadbeenviewedas...Butpeoplearetakingafreshlooknow.Withthegrowing...,people........
[2].Peopleusedtothinkthat...(Inthepast,....)Butpeoplenowsharethisnew.
1-6故事法----先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣,引出文章的主题.
e.g:
[1].Oncein(anewspaper),Ireadof/learnt....Thephenomenonof...hasarousedpublicconcern.
[2].Ihaveafriendwho...Shouldhe....?
Suchadilemmaweareoftenconfrontwithinourdailylife.
[3].Onceuponatime,therelivedamanwho...Thisstorymaybe(unbelievable),butitstillhasarealisticsignificancenow.
1-7 问题法-----先用讨论或解答的设问,引出自己观点,适用于有争议性的话题.
e.g:
Should/What......?
Optionsof...varygreatly,some...,others...Butinmyopinion,.......
作文主体部分
<一>原因结果分析
3-1-1.基本原因---分析某事物时,用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因.
e.g:
[1].Why...?
Foronething..Foranother...
[2].Theanswertothisprobleminvolvesmanyfactors.Foronething...
Foranother......Stillanother...
[3].Anumberoffactors,bothphysicalandpsychologicalaffect....
/bothindividualandsocialcontributeto....
3-1-2另一原因-------->在分析了基本原因之后,再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用!
e.g:
[1].Anotherimportantfactoris....
[2]....isalsoresponsibleforthechange/problem.
[3].Certainly,the...isnotthesolereasonfor.....
3-1-3后果影响---------分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响.
e.g:
[1].Itwillproduceaprofound/far-reachingeffect/impacton....
[2].Ininvolvessomeseriousconsequencefor........
<二>比较对照句型
3-2-1.两者比较--->比较两事物,要说出其一超过另一个,或肯定一事物的优点,也肯定其缺点的时候用!
e.g:
[1].TheadvantagesgainedfromAaremuchgreaterthantheadvantageswegainfromB.
[2].Indeed,AcarriesmuchweightwhencomparedwithB.
[3].Thereisnodoubtthatithasitsnegativeeffectsaswellaspositiveeffects.
3-2-2.两者相同/相似------>比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用!
e.g:
[1].AandBhaveseveralthingsincommon.
Theyaresimilarinthat.....
[2].AbearssomestrikingresemblancestoB.
作文结尾部分
2-1结论性---------通过对文章前面的讨论,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点.
e.g:
[1].Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthat.....
[2].Insummary/Inaword,itismorevaluable.......
2-2后果性------揭示所讨论的问题若不解决,将产生的严重后果.
e.g:
[1].Wemustcallforanimmediatemethod,becausethecurrentphenomenonof...,ifallowedtoproceed,willsurelyleadtotheheavycostof.......
[2].Obviously,ifweignore/areblindto theproblem,thereiseverychancethat..willbeputindanger.
2-3号召性--------呼吁读者行动起来,采取行动或提请注意.
e.g:
[1].Itistimethatweurgedanimmediateendtotheundesirabletendencyof......
[2].Itisessentialthateffectivemeasuresshouldbetakentocorrectthetendency.
2-4建议性--------对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见,包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.
e.g:
[1].Whileitcannotbesolvedimmediately,stillthereare ways.Themostpopularis....Anothermethodis...Stillanotheroneis.....
[2].Awareness/Recognitionoftheproblemisthefirststeptowardthesituation.
2-5方向性的结尾方式----其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的,大体的方向或者指明前景.
e.g:
[1].Manysolutionsarebeingofferedhere,allofthemmakesomesense,butnoneisadequateenough.Theproblemshouldberecognizedinawideway.
[2].Thereisnoquickmethodtotheissueof..,but..mightbehelpful/beneficial.
[3].Thegreatchallengetodayis......Thereismuchdifficulty,but........
2--6意义性的结尾方式-------->文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!
e.g:
[1].Followingthesesuggestionsmaynotguaranteethesuccess,butthepayoffmightbeworththeeffort.Itwillnotonlybenefitbutalsobenefit.....
[2].Inanycase,whetheritispositiveornegative,onethingiscertainthatitwillundoubtedly......
提纲式模块(I)说明原因型模块
(一)Nowadays,therearemoreandmoreXXinsomebigcities.Itisestimatedthat
(1).WhyhavetherebeensomanyXX?
Maybethereasonscanbelistedasfollows.Thefirstoneisthat
(2).Besides,(3).Thethirdreasonis(4).
Tosum