Manhattan Sentence Correction 笔记.docx

Manhattan Sentence Correction 笔记.docx

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ManhattanSentenceCorrection笔记

1.Thebasicprocess（平均1分20秒一个问题，永远不要超过两分钟）

1）Takeafirstglance:

A.看划线句子的长度:

很长说明可能结构什么的有问题

B.看划线句子的第一个单词和之前的一个单词

C.找出答案中选项的不同之处在哪里（主要看第一个或第二个单词），并以此将他们分组

2）Readformeaning:

A.读原句，注意grammaticalmistake→若注意到原句的错误就可以划去A和其他重复这个错误的其他答案

B.注意meaning是否无歧义（尝试rephrase）/是否用词冗余

3）Findastartingpoint:

A.读原句，noticea（suspected）mistakeintheoriginalsentence→看答案有没有对他进行改正的选项

B.读答案，findsomesplits/differencesintheanswerset

4）Eliminateallincorrectchoices

5）Findanewstartingpointandrepeatstep3&4

A.处理原句中的错误

B.纵向对比剩余的答案，寻找不同之处→将不同之处与原文未划线部分比较，判断哪个更好的传达了原文的意思

2.举例子可以用suchas,forexample,including;不能用like（isusedtoindicateasimilaritybetweentwoormorethings）

3.两大原则：

1）Grammar:

可能会和日常的spokenEnglish不同

A.Fivegrammaticaltermsneededtoknow:

a）Clause:

asetofwordsthatcontainsasubjectandaworkingverb

i.Independentclause:

句子

ii.Dependentclause:

cannotstandaloneasasentence→sentencefragment

b）Modifier:

providesadditionalinformationinasentence,beyondthecoresubjectandverb修饰语

i.nonessentialmodifier:

areusuallyseparatedoutfromtherestofthesentencebycommas.

ii.essentialmodifier:

necessaryinordertounderstandthemeaningofthesentence

c）Sentencecore:

consistsofanyindependentclausesalongwithsomeessentialmodifiers.Thisisthebareminimumneededinordertohaveacoherentsentence

d）Conjunction:

wordsthathelptostickpartsofsentencestogether

i.Coordinatingconjunctions:

gluetwoindependentclausestogether

ii.Subordinatingconjunctions:

connectmodifierstoindependentclauses

e）Marker:

aflagorcluethatacertainkindofissueisbeingtested

2）Meaning:

包括了conveyprecisemeaning和避免冗余（preferenceotherthanrule）

A.Thechoiceofword

a）Economic:

经济上的，经济的,=monetary

Economical:

节约的，合算的

MydecisiontodriveahybridcarwasmotivatedbyECONOMICconsiderations

ECONOMICALconsiderationsmotivatedmydecisiontodriveahybridcar

→第二句是错的，因为economicconsideration=monetaryconsideration意指经济上的愿意，不应该用economicalconsideration

b）其他类似的词意相似但不能互换的词包括：

●aggravate（worsen）vs.aggravating（irritating）

●knownas（named）vs.knowntobe（acknowledgedas）

●lossof（nolongerinpossessionof）vs.lossin（declineinvalue）

●mandate（command）vs.haveamandate（haveauthorityfromvoters）

●nativeof（personfrom）vs.nativeto（speciesthatoriginatedin）

●rangeof（varietyof）vs.ranging（varying）

●rateof（speedorfrequencyof）vs.ratesfor（pricesfor）

●rise（generalincrease）vs.raise（abetorasalaryincreaseinAmericanEnglish）

●trytodo（seektoaccomplish）vs.trydoing（experimentwith）

c）注意may,should,must,can,mustn’t,shouldn’t,can’t,would等的差别

B.Theplacementofword:

注意句子中word的顺序会影响句意

ThecouncilgrantedtherighttomakelegalpetitionsTOCITYOFFICIALS.

这句话是非常ambiguous的，因为不能确定right被granted给了谁

ThecouncilgrantedCITYOFFICIALStherighttomakelegalpetitions.

TherighttomakelegalpetitionsTOCITYOFFICIALSwasgrantedbythecouncil.

C.Thematchesofword

UnlikeAlaska,wherethewinterisquitecold,thetemperatureinFloridararelygoesbelowfreezing.这个句子是illogical的，因为不能把一个地方的冬天和另一个地方的温度进行比较

D.Avoidredundancy

4.ThecosttoX=Xdothepaying

ThecostofX=someonehastopayacertainamounttobuyX

5.“Raise”isaverbthatalwaystakesadirectobject:

TheFed（subject）raisedtheinterestrate（object）inMarch.

“Rise”isusedonlyincontextswherethereisnodirectobject:

Interestrates（subject）roseinMarch

6.“asthough”isusedtodiscussthingsthatareuntrueordidnothappen:

YoubehaveasthoughyouwerericherthanBillGates

7.ThoughCanalshaveexperiencedaseveredeclineinbargetrafficoverthepastseveraldecades,yetwiththeriseinfuelcosts,“shipping”byactualshipsmayonceagainbecomeanimportantmeansoftransportinggoodswithinthecountry.

这个句子选择去掉though比较好，因为如果去掉yet，可能会把withtheriseinfuelcosts放到前半部分去

8.Sentencestructure:

一个完整的句子/independentclause必须同时有相匹配的subject和verb

1）Compoundsubject:

mustbeconnectedbytheword“and”

Compoundverb:

verbsattachedtothesamesubject

2）Learntoignore“middleman”（wordsbetweenthesubjectandtheverb）andskip“warmup”（wordsthatcomesbeforethesubject）

A.Prepositionalphrase介词短语:

headbyapreposition

B.Dependentclause

C.Othermodifiers

3）Trytoanalyzethestructureofthesentencetodecide

Thetidalforcestowhichanobjectfallingintoablackholeis/aresubjectedis/aresufficienttoteartheobjectapart.

→Thetidalforcestowhichanobjectfallingintoablackholeis/aresubjectedaresufficienttoteartheobjectapart.

→Thetidalforcestowhichanobjectfallingintoablackholeissubjectedis/aresufficienttoteartheobjectapart.

4）“that”的缺失可能造成ambiguity

IknowMerylStreepisanactor.→两种interpretation:

DoyouactuallyknowsomeonenamedMerylStreeporyoujustknowsomethingaboutMerylStreep

5）Compoundsentence:

twoindependentclausesbeingconnectedbyacommaandaconjunction/twoindependentclausesbeingconnectedbyasemicolon分号

9.Betiredoutfromdoingsomething做。

。

。

感到十分疲劳

10.Modifiers

1）Adjectivesandadverbs:

仅仅是一个词而非dependentclause

A.Nounmodifiers（suchasadjectives）:

modifyonlyanounorapronoun代词

B.Adverbialmodifiers（suchasadverbs）:

modifyverbs,adjectives,prepositionalphrases,evenentireclauses,butdonotmodifyplainnounsandpronouns

C.Max'sgrandmotherishissupposedIrishancestor.

Max'sgrandmotherishissupposedlyIrishancestor

→Inthefirstoption,theadjective“supposed”pointstothenounancestor,implyingthatMax'sgrandmotherisnotactuallyhisancestor.Inthesecondoption,theadverbsupposedlypointstotheadjectiveIrish,implyingthatMax'sgrandmotherisnotactuallyIrish.

D.形容词和副词同形式:

corresponding,frequent,independent,rare,recent,seeming,separate,significant,supposed,andusual→要思考modify的到底是什么词，以此确定到底应该用形容词还是副词

2）Nounmodifiers:

modifynouns

A.Thecat,whichlivesnextdoor,isverynoisy.

Thecatthatlivesnextdoorisverynoisy.

→Inthefirstsentence,the“commawhich”structureisanexampleofanonessentialmodifier.Ifyoutakeanonessentialmodifieroutofthesentence,youstillretainthefullmeaningofthemainpartofthesentence:

thecatisverynoisy（andboththetalkerandlistenerknowwhichcatisunderdiscussion）.Thesecondsentenceincludesanexampleofanessentialmodifier.Ifyouremoveitfromthesentence,thenthemeaningmaybecompromised.Forinstance,iftherearethreecatsandyousayonly,“Thecatisverynoisy,”nobodywillknowwhichcatyoumean.Essentialmodifiersarenotusuallyseparatedoutbycommas.

B.Thepositionofnounmodifiers:

PlaceaNOUNanditsMODIFIERasclosetogetheraspossible

Jimbikedalonganolddirtroadtogettohishouse,whichcutthroughthewoods.

Togettohishouse,Jimbikedalonganolddirtroad,whichcutthroughthewoods.

→第二个句子更好，因为noun和itsmodifier离得更近

C.PossessiveNounsAreNotNouns

Happyabouthisraise,Bill'scelebrationincludedtakinghisfriendsouttodinner.

→Bill’s这个名词所有格并不是名词而是形容词，因此happyabouthisraise不能够修饰它，而同时happyabouthisraise也不能修饰celebration

D.NounModifierMarkers:

a）RelativePronouns（suchasWhich,That,Who,Whose,Whom,Where,When）

b）PrepositionsandParticiples分词

3）AdverbialModifiers:

modifyanythingexceptnouns

A.Theplacementofadverbialmodifiers：

并不强调要和修饰的东西放的越近越好；要求是不要和别的verb/clause放太近就可以了

TheCEOdeclaredthateveryonehadtoworkeverydaythroughtheholidaystomaketheproductiondeadline,butincallingforsuchanextrememeasure,thecompany'semployeeswereupsettothepointofmutiny.

→此处incallingforsuchanextrememeasure修饰的应该是CEO，故该句子是ambiguous的

改为：

TheCEOdeclaredthateveryonehadtoworkeverydaythroughtheholidaystomaketheproductiondeadline,butincallingforsuchanextrememeasure,sheupsetheremployeestothepointofmutiny.

B.Checkthesequenceofparticiplemodifiers:

强调theinformationpresentedearlierinthesentenceleadstoorresultsintheinformationpresentedlaterinthesentence

C.Subordinators主从连词（suchasalthough,before,unless,because,yet,if,that,sothat,after,while,since,when）

Subordinator+independentclause=subordinateclausewhichmodifythemainclauseitattachedto（usuallythemainclausecomesafterthesubordinateclause）

4）Whichvs.thePresentParticiple–ing:

UseWHICHonlytorefertonouns—nevertorefertoanentireclause（只有-ing才可以refertotheentireclause）

Crimehasrecentlydecreasedinourneighborhood,WHICHhasledtoariseinpropertyvalues.这个句子是错的

可改成：

Therecentdecreaseincrimeinourneighborhoodhasledtoariseinpropertyvalues.

Crimehasrecentlydecreasedinourneighborhood,leadingtoariseinpropertyvalues.

5）Quantity

A.WordsUsedforCountableThingsvs.WordsUsedforUncountableThings

a）More,most,enough,andallworkwithbothcountable（plural）anduncountable（singular）nouns

b）Donotusetheword“less”withcountableitems

c）Becarefulwithunitnouns,suchas“dollars”or“gallons”.Bytheirnature,unitnounsarecountable.Thus,theyworkwithmostofthecountablemodifiers.However,unitnounsrepresentuncountablequantities:

money,volume.Asaresult,use“less”withunitnouns,whenyoureallywanttoindicatesomethingabouttheunderlyingquantity:

Wehavelessthan20DOLLARS

B.WordsUsedtoRelateTwoThingsvs.WordsUsedtoRelateThreeorMoreThings

a）Comparison:

比较级和最高级

b）Use“between”onlywithtwothingsorpeople.Whenyouaretalkingaboutthreeormorethingsorpeople,use“among”

C.TheWordNumbers:

use“greaterthan”,not“morethan”（whichmightimplythatthequantityofnumbersislarger,notthenumbersthemselves）