NOTES ON THE RIGHT TO INTERVENE AND THE RISK OF IMPERIALISM.docx

NOTES ON THE RIGHT TO INTERVENE AND THE RISK OF IMPERIALISM.docx

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NOTESONTHERIGHTTOINTERVENEANDTHERISKOFIMPERIALISM

NOTESONTHERIGHTTOINTERVENEANDTHERISKOFIMPERIALISM

LecturePPT（包括资料的补充）

∙Backgroundofinterventionism:

ØFromsavinglivestostatebuilding:

1.Coldwar:

indifference（non-interference,superpowercompetition）

2.Endofcoldwar:

unconditionalhumanitarianassistance（focusonhumanitarianassistance,goldenageofUN）

3.Endof1990sandturnofmillennium（failureofhumanitarianassistance,recordingofglobalgovernance）

ØThreedevelopmentstowardshumanitarianinterventions:

NGOethos,endofcoldwar,newroleofUN

Leadtoredefinitionofsovereignty.

ØTheendofcoldwarallowedtheUNtoplayitsroleaspeacemediator

1.PeacenegotiationsininternalconflictsinLatinAmerica（1986-1991:

ELSalvador,HondurasGuatemala,Nicaragua）

2.Iran-Iraqwar（1988）

3.UNelectoralobservationinNicaragua（1989）

4.IndependenceofNamibia（1990）

5.JointactionunderchapterVII:

Iraq-Kuwaitwar（1990-1991）

6.PeacekeepingmissionsinCambodia（1991）

ØButbeforethat,anewhumanitarianpracticehadalreadyemerged

a.Thehumanitarianismofstates:

TheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross

a.Basedoninternationallaw-GenevaConvention

b.Workswithgov.

c.Neutralityinconflicts

d.Distinctionofcombatantsandnon-combatants

b.Thehumanitarianismofpeople:

Doctorswithoutborders

a.Actswithoutregardtosovereignty

b.Savinglives=givingpeopledignityback

c.Notneutral,butnotpoliticaleither.Onmoral

d.Privateactor

ØGoldenageofUNandriseofNGOs

ØFailuresofhumanitarianassistance

1.Somalia1993

2.SiegeofSarajevo,1992-1995

3.Failureofthe“savehaven”conceptinSrebrenica,1995

4.Non-interventioninRwanda,1994

CaseofRwanda:

oCivilwarbetweenRwandangovernment（Hutu）andRPF（Tutsi,basedinneighbouringcountries）-peaceagreementsignedinAugust2003

oUNtroopstomonitorpeaceagreement

ThecaseofRwandacanillustrate.TheethniccompetitionbetweentworacesHutuandTutsiresultedinacatastrophicgenocideinRwandain1994.ThetragedyispartlyascribedtoaslowerreactionofUN’shumanitarianintervention.FromtheconclusionofOAU（OrganizationofAfricanUnity）thatUNdidn’ttakeimmediateactionatthebeginningofthegenocide.Althoughthenitdidresponsetoit,withthegenocidetakingtensofthousandsoflivesdaily,theSecurityCouncilchosetocuttheUNforcesinhalfatthemomenttheyneedmassivereinforcement.

ØAgendaforPeace1992andsupplement1995

1992:

preventivediplomacy,peacemakingandpeace-keeping

1995:

peacebuilding,disarmament（裁军）,sanctions（peaceenforcementsuchasUNresolutionsasflightbans）

ØJustWar:

therighttowagewar:

7conditions

1.TheJustCauseThresholdConsiderMilitaryinterventionforhumanprotectionpurposesasanexceptionalandextraordinarymeasure.Tobewarranted,theremustbeseriousandirreparableharmoccurringtohumanbeings,orimminentlylikelytooccur,ofthefollowingkind:

A.largescalelossoflife,B.largescale‘ethniccleansing’

2.Rightintention:

Theprimarypurposeoftheintervention,whateverothermotivesinterveningstatesmayhave.Forcemaybeusedonlyinatrulyjustcauseorinacasewheredisproportionatemeasuresarerequiredtoachievesuccess.Suchemphasisonintentionisessentialinordertopreventintervenersfromusinghumanitarianinterventionasapoliticalinstrumentorforgainingprivateprofitsatthecostofprimarygoals.AsMichaelWalzerwrote:

Justwartheoryisanecessaryguidetodemocraticdecision-making.

3.Lastresort:

Militaryinterventioncanonlybeusedafterallpeacefulalternativeshavebeenseriouslytriedandexhausted.Theuseofarmedforcemustbeoneofthelaststepsaimedatremedyingthesituation,andearlynon-coercivemeasureswiththeconsentoftheconflictedpartiesaredesired.Ifsuchmeansfailandthecircumstancesaffectingapopulationworsens,forexample,thepeople’sbasicrightsarefurthererodedandthereisathreatofcomingupwidespreadlossofhumanlife,themilitaryinvolvementshouldonlythenbeconsidered.

4.Proportionalmeans:

militaryinterventionshouldbetheminimumnecessary.Theoveralldestructionexpectedfromtheuseofforcemustbeoutweighedbythegoodtobeachieved.

5.Reasonablehopeofsuccess:

Theremustbeareasonablechanceofsuccess.Theconsequencesofactionarenotlikelytobeworsethantheconsequencesofinaction.

6.Thelegitimateauthority:

TheroleofUNauthority,SecurityCouncilauthorizationshouldinallcasesissoughtpriortoanymilitaryinterventionactiondealimmediately.Eg:

thisistoavoidthecaseslikeNATOinterventioninKosovowithoutthepermissionofUNSCandalsothehesitatedinterventioninRwandawhichresultedinlargecasualties.Critically,Thequestioniswhetheritdestroystheself-helpsystemthoroughlyorwhethertheself-helpsystemisnecessaryfortheefficiencyoftheUNsystem.

7.Theresponsibilitytorebuilt:

AfterinterventionTheresponsibilitytorebuild.Inordertoaddresstheharmcausedbyintervention.

ØLegalGroundforIntervention:

ChapterVIIandinternationalconventions

CaseofKosovo:

seminarquestion.

ØResponsibilitytoprotect:

Sovereignty:

sovereigntyisoftendefinedintermsofinternalcontrolandexternalautonomy.However,sincebothcontrolandautonomywaxandwane（兴衰）intherealworldofpolitics,itisbettertodefinedsovereigntyasauthority（therighttoruleoveradelimitedterritoryandthepopulationresidingwithinit）.Ayoob,2002

Stateresponsibility:

thedefenseofstatesovereignty,byevenitsstrongestsupportersdoesnotincludeanyclaimoftheunlimitedpowerofastatetodowhatitwantstoitsownpeople.（CommissionReport）

Dualresponsibility:

externally-torespectthesovereigntyofotherstates,andinternally,torespectthedignityandbasicrightsofallthepeoplewithinthestate.

Ø“Sovereigntyasresponsibility”approach:

Statesovereigntyimpliesresponsibilityfortheprotectionofitspeoplelieswiththestateitself.Whereapopulationissufferingseriousharm,asaresultofinternalwar,insurgency,repressionorstatefailure,andthestateinquestionisunwillingorunabletohaltoravertit,theprincipleofnon-interventionyieldstotheinternationalresponsibilitytoprotect.（ICISS,2001）

ØRestrictionists:

thecaseagainsttheintervention

1.Claimtostatesovereigntyasabaseofinternationalorderinananarchicalworld.

Eg:

likethefirstassumptionofRealismStatism,twoclaims:

1）statesarethemainactorsintheworldpolitics,whichimpliesothernon-stateactorsorinternationalinstitutionsareoflesserimportance.2）Statesovereigntyemphasizesindependenceonthedomesticpoliticalissues.Statehasthejuridicalautonomywithinitsownterritory.

2.ContestedlegalityUNSCnotwithstanding?

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?

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3.ThequestionofnationalinterestVShumanitarianism

Eg:

Humanrightdiplomacy:

puthumanrightsasacenterofforeignpolicy,andjudgingsituationofhumanrightsofothercountries.Akindofimperialism,theaimofwhichisself-interests:

theywanttopursuetheirpowerthroughhumanrightsinordertostrengthenthemselves.

4.Savingstrangers“citizensaretheexclusiveresponsibilityoftheirstateandtheirstateisentirelytheirownbusiness”.

5.Uniformity（一致）ofresponsibility:

acaseofselectiveactionorinaction.

AgoodexampleoftheselectivityofresponseistheargumentthatNATO’sinterventioninKosovocouldnothavebeendrivenbyhumanitarianconcernsbecauseithasdonenothingtoaddresstheverymuchlargerhumanitariancatastropheinDarfur.

6.Theproblemofabuse:

excuseofintervention.eg:

HitlerinCzechoslovakiaandCoalitionofthewillinginIraq.

TheclassiccaseofabusewasHitler’sargumentthatitwasnecessarytoinvadeCzechoslovakiatoprotectthe‘lifeandliberty’ofthatcountry’sGermanpopulation.

7.Itisdoubtwhetheritreallywork?

ExternalimpositionSomaliaandIraq.

ØOtherargumentsagainsthumanitarianassistance:

（relatestoHR）

1.Feedingthewar

2.Sanctioningethniccleaning

3.Creatingdependencies.

4.Supportingpolitics:

localpoliticsworldpolitics

5.Beingwherethemoneyisbutnotwherethemiseryis.

Keyconcepts

∙Statesovereignty:

oBaseoftheconcept

Theconceptofsovereigntyhasbeendiscussed,debatedandquestionedthroughouthistory,fromthetimeoftheRomansthroughtothepresentday.Ithaschangedinitsdefinition,concept,andapplicationthroughout,especiallyduringtheAgeofEnlightenment.ThecurrentnotionofstatesovereigntyisoftentracedbacktothePeaceofWestphalia（1648）,which,inrelationtostates,codifiedthebasicprinciples:

Øterritorialintegrity领土完整

Øborderinviolability国界不可侵犯

Øsupremacyofthestate（ratherthantheChurch）国家权力至上

Øasovereignisthesupremelawmakingauthoritywithinitsjurisdiction立法权

oChangingnatureofsovereignty

ØInternationallaw:

hassetmanyconstraintsonwhatstatescando,andnotonlyintherealmofhumanrights.

ØTheemergingconceptofhumansecurity:

hascreatedadditionaldemandsandexpectationsinrelationtothewaystatestreattheirownpeople.

ØNewactorsareplayinginternationalroles:

previouslymoreorlesstheexclusivepreserveofstates.

ØRespectfulofhumanrights:

Thosestateswhichcancalluponstrongregionalalliances,internalpeace,andastrongandindependentcivilsociety,seemclearlybestplacedtobenefitfromglobalization.

ØAcohesiveandpeacefulinternationalsystemisfarmorelikelytobeachievedthroughthecooperationofeffectivestates,confidentoftheirplaceintheworld.

oNewunderstandingofstatesovereignty

ØThedefenseofstatesovereignt