中考复习阅读理解.docx
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中考复习阅读理解
*中考复习---阅读理解
A考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力
•此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落(或短文)的主题,主题思想,标题或目的,其主要提问方式是:
1)Whichisthebesttitleofthepassage?
2)Whichofthefollowingisthispassageabout?
3)Inthispassagethewritertriestotellusthat______.
4)Thepassagetellsusthat______.
5)Thispassagemainlytalksabout_______.
解体秘诀:
抓主题句
1、主题句是用来表达文章或段落的中心思想的,通常在文章第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等处出现,阅读时要特别注意。
2、进行整体阅读,抓文章逻辑结构。
文章主题出现的位置对应于文章逻辑结构中的一个部分,而在中考阅读中以“总-分-总”结构类型题居多。
所以重读文章首、尾两段以及每段首句,对把握文章结构和主旨理解有很大帮助。
如何获取段落的主旨和大意?
在一篇短文或一个段落中,大部分主题句的情况有三种:
(1)主题句在段首或篇首。
主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。
一般新闻报道、说明文,议论文大都采用先总述,后分述的叙事方法。
例如:
2008年陕西省英语中考试题阅读材料B的第一段:
Alllivingthingsontheearthneedotherlivingthingstolive.Nothinglivesalone.Mostanimalsmustliveinagroup,andevenaplantgrowsclosetogetherwithothersofthesamekind.Sometimesonelivingthingkillsanother,oneeatsandtheotheriseaten.Eachkindoflifeeatsanotherkindoflifeinordertolive,andtogethertheyformafoodchain(食物链)。
Somefoodchainsbecomebrokenupifoneofthelinksdisappears.
在这篇短文之后有一道考查主题的阅读理解题:
59.Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebesttitleforthispassage?
A.AnimalsB.PlantsC.FoodChainsD.LivingThings
第一句即是主题句。
这个句子概括了本段的中心意思,“地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其它的生物”。
后面讲述了大量的事实,“大部分动物必须成群的生活,甚至一种植物也要和其它同类的植物靠在一起生长。
有时一种生物杀死另一种生物,一种生物吃另一种生物,而另一种生物被吃”。
在列举了大量的事实之后,作者指出:
如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失,所有的食物都会断掉。
所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。
(C)
(2)主题句在段末或篇末。
用归纳法写文章时,往往表述细节的句子在前,概述性的句子在后,并以此结尾。
这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结,归纳或结论。
例如2007年陕西省中考试题阅读材料A的最后一段:
Ifyoubuysomewell-madeclothes,youcansavemoneybecausetheycanlastlonger.Theylookgoodevenaftertheyhavebeenwashedmanytimes.Sometimessomeclothescostmoremoney,butitdoesnotmeanthattheyarealwaysbettermade,ortheyalwaysfitbetter.Inotherwords,somelessexpensiveclotheslookandfitbetterthanmoreexpensiveclothes.
这段文章前面列举了两件事实:
如果你买一些制作优良的衣服,你会省钱,因为这些衣服能穿得时间长一些。
即使他们洗了很多次,仍然看起来很好。
有时有些衣服花得前更多,但并不意味着这些衣服做得更好。
最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括:
有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看,更合身。
段末这个句子就是主题句。
(3)无主题句
首先找出每一段的中心意思,各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的,或者说是来说明一个问题的。
这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。
请看2007年江西省中考试题阅读理解A:
KillerbeesstartedinBrazil1957.AscientistinSaoPaulowantedbeestomake
morehoney(蜂蜜).Soheputforty-sixAfricanbeeswithsomeBrazilianbees.Thebeesbred(繁殖)andmadeanewkindofbees.Butthenewbeeswereamistake.Theydidn’twanttomakemorehoney.Theywantedtoattack.Then,byaccident,twenty-sixAfricanbeesescapedandbredwiththeBrazilianbeesoutside.
Scientistscouldnotcontrol(控制)theproblem.Thebeesincreasedfast.TheywentfromBraziltoVenezuela.ThentheywenttoCentralAmerica.NowtheyareinNorthAmerica.Theytravelabout390milesayear.Eachgroupofbeesgrowsfourtimesayear.Thismeansonemillionnewgroupseveryfiveyears.
Whyarepeopleafraidofkillerbees?
Peopleareafraidfortworeasons.First,thebeessting(叮)manymoretimesthanusualbees.Killerbeescanstingsixtytimesaminutenonstopfortwohours.Second,killerbeesattackingroups.Fourhundredbeestingscankillaperson.
Alreadyseveralhundredpeoplearedead.NowkillerbeesareinTexas.InafewyearstheywillreachallovertheUnitedStates.Peoplecandonothingbutwait.
在这篇短文的后面就出了一道这样的阅读理解题:
59.Thebesttitleofthepassageis____________.
A.HowtomakemorehoneyB.Killerbees
C.AfoolishscientistD.Howtofeedkillerbees
这篇短文表面看起来没有主题句,那末怎样来确定它的中心意思呢?
按照上面的说明,我们先找出每一段的大意:
第一段讲的是“killerbees”的产生。
第二段讲的是“killerbees”的急剧增加。
第三段讲的是人们害怕“killerbees”的原因。
第四段讲的是“killerbees”已经杀死的人数和将来的状况。
从这几段的大意可以看出这篇文章自始至终都是围绕“killerbees”这一中心展开的。
换句话说,“killerbees”就是这篇文章的主题。
训练:
(一)
Itseemstobestrangetoyouthereisablindspot(盲点)ontheeyes.Hereisaninterestingexperiment(实验)thatcanmakesomethingdisappear,whenoneeyeisopen.
MakeacardaboutthesizeofapostcardandwritetwoEnglishlettersLandRonit,LontheleftandRontheright.First,holdthecardabout80cmawayandyouseeboththeletters.ThencloseyourrighteyeandlookattheletterRonlywithyourlefteye.Andnow,asyoumovethecardslowlytowardsyou,you’llfindtheletterLdisappearing.Butifyoumovethecardnearertoyourface,theletterwillbeseenagain.Nowdothesameexperimentwithyourlefteyeclosed,you’llfindtheletterRdisappearing.
Whydoestheletterdisappear?
Itisbecausethereisablindspotontheeye.Whentheimage(影像)oftheletterfallsontheblindspot,itwon’tbeseen.Thatiswhyeitherofthelettersdisappears.
5.Thepassagemainly(主要)tellsus_______.
A.howtofindtheblindspotB.aninterestingexperiment
C.wheretheblindspotisD.thereisblindspotontheeye
(二)
Henrywasanofficeworkerinabigcity.Heworkedveryhardandenjoyedtravelinginhisholidays.
Heusuallywenttotheseaside,butoneyearhesawanadvertisementinanewspaper.“Enjoycountrylife.SpendafewweeksatWestHillFarm.Goodfood.Freshair.Horseriding.Walking.Fishing.Cheapandinteresting.”
“Thissoundsagoodidea,”hethought.“I’llspendamonthatWestHillFarm.IthinkIcanenjoyhorseriding,walkingandfishing.They’llmakeachangefromsittingbytheseasideandswimming.”
Hewrotetothefarmer.IntheletterhesaidthathewouldliketospendallofJulythere.ThenonthefirstofJuly,heleftforWestHillFarm.
Butfourdayslater,hereturnedhome.
“WhatwaswrongwithWestHillFarm?
”hisbestfriend,Ed,askedhim.“Didn’tyouenjoycountrylife?
”
“Countrylifewasverygood,”Henrysaid.“Buttherewasanotherproblem.”
“Oh.What?
”
“Well,”hesaid,“thefirstdayIwasthereasheepdied,andwehadroastmuttonfordinner.”
“What'swrongwiththat?
”Edasked.“Freshmeatisthebest.”
“Iknow,butontheseconddayacowdied,andwehadroastbeeffordinner.”
“Luckyyou!
”
“Youdon'tunderstand,”Henrysaid.“Onthethirddayapigdiedandwehadroastporkfordinner.”
“Adifferentmeateveryday,”Edsaidloudly,“andyouarecomplaining!
”
“Letmefinish,”Henrysaid.“Onthefourthdaythefarmerdied,andIdidn'tdare(敢)stayfordinner!
”
1.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?
A.Whatabeautifulfarm!
B.Haveagoodtime. C.AshortholidayD.Henryandthefarmer.
(三)
In1998,WorldCupFootballMatchheldinFrancetookupanewrule.Insteadoftheusualblackandwhiteball,acolorfulballwasusedinthegame.Thenewballwasmadeupof32piecesofthreecolors:
red,blueandwhite.Interestinglyenough,theFrenchnationalflaghappenedtobeinthreecolors,too.Besides,32teamstookpartinthecomingWorldCup.Butearlyfootballwasmadeupofeightpiecesofleather.Astimewentby,morepiecesofleatherwereused,from12piecesto18to26andthento32now.
Aboutthreemillionsuchnewfootballsweremade.Andthensomeplayerswereplayingthenewballintheirtraining.Themakershavewarnedthegoalkeeperthatthenewballfliesinadirectlineatafastspeed.
Aftertryingtheballforsometime,afootballersaidthattheballwasquitedifferentfromthetraditional(传统的)blackandwhiteone,andthatthegoalkeeperwouldfindithardertocatchthem.Anotherfootballersaidthattherewouldbemoregoals.“Fortheplayerontheground,thenewballiseasiertocontrolasitflies.Agoodplayercanshootinmoregoals,”hesaid.
1.What’sthebesttitleforthispassage?
A.FootballofNewKindB.98WorldCupFootballMatch
C.GoalkeepersandPlayersD.Three-colorFlagofFrance
B考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力
•此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的,其主要提问方式是:
1)Whichofthefollowingisright?
2)Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?
3)WhichofthefollowingisNotTrueinthepassage?
4)Choosetherightorderofthispassage.
5)Fromthispassageweknow________.
解题方法(找细节):
解题要点是找到问题中的关键词,根据所划的关键词到原文中找对应词:
指出文章中与题中所划关键词的意思相反或相近对应词。
该对应词可能与关键词相同也可能不同。
对应词所在的句子或句子部分极可能包含解题信息的信息句。
将该句认真阅读后,再将四个答案与此句内容对照后,就会发现有一答案的信息与信息句的信息大致相同,则该答案即为正确答案。
训练:
(一)
Ifyoulookattheskyonenightandseesomethingmovingandshiningthatyouhaveneverseenbefore,itmightbeacomet(彗星).
Acometsometimeslookslikeastar.Likeaplanet,acomethasnolightofitsown.Itshinesfromthesunlightitreflects(反射).Liketheearth,acometgoesroundthesun,butonamuchlongerpath(轨道)thantheearthtravels.
Ifacometisn’tastar,whatisitthen?
Somescientiststhinkthatalargepartofacometiswaterfrozenintopiecesoficeandmixedwithironandrockdustandperhapsafewbigpiecesofrock.Whensunshinemelts(融化)theiceinthecomet,greatcloudsofgasgotrailingafterit.Theseclouds,togetherwiththedust,formalongtail.
Manypeopleperhapshaveseenacomet.Howevernooneknowshowmanycometsthereare.Theremaybemillionsofcomets,butonlyafewcomecloseenoughforustosee.
AnEnglishmannamedEdmundHalley,wholivedfrom1656to1742,foundoutalotaboutthepathsthatcometstakethroughthesky.Somecometsmoveoutofoursightandnevercomeback.Otherskeepcomingbackatregulartimes.AbigcometthatkeepscomingbackwasnamedafterHalleybecausehewastheonewhoworkedoutwhenitwouldcomebackagain.MaybeyouhaveeverseenHalley’sCometsbecausethelasttimeitcameclosetothesunandtheearthwasintheyear1986.Thenpeopleallovertheworldwereoutsideatnighttolookatit.YouwillprobablybeabletoseeHalley’sCometswhenitcomesneartheearthagain.
1.Acometislike________.
A.sunB.moonC.sunlightD.theearth
2.Alargepartofacometis______.
A.waterandrockB.waterfrozenintopiecesoficeandmixedwithiron
C.ice,ironandrockdustD.onlyafewbigpiecesofrock
3.Maybemanypeople_______.
A.haven’tseenanycometsB.haveseenallcomets