托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟试题5.docx

托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟试题5.docx

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托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟试题5

托福（TOEFL）考试阅读模拟试题（5）

Questions11-21

　　AlexisdeTocqueville,theFrenchpoliticalscientist,historian,philosopherandpolitician,ismostfamousforafour-volumebookhewrotecalled“DemocracyinAmerica”.HecametoAmericain1831tostudytheAmericanformofdemocracyandwhatitmightmeantotherestoftheworld.Afteravisitofonlyninemonths,hewrotearemarkablebookwhichisregardedasaclassic.DeTocquevillehadunusualpowersofobservation.Hedescribednotonlythedemocraticsystemofgovernmentandhowitoperated,butalsoitseffectonhowAmericansthink,feel,andact.ManyscholarsbelievehehadadeeperunderstandingoftraditionalAmericanbeliefsandvaluesthananyoneelsewhohaswrittenabouttheUnitedStates.Whatissoremarkableisthatmanyofthesetraitswhichheobservednearly200yearsago,arestillvisibleandmeaningfultoday.Hisobservationsarealsoimportantbecausethetimingofhisvisit,the1830s,wasbeforeAmericawasindustrialized.Thiswastheeraofthesmallfarmer, thesmallbusinessman,andthesettlingofthewesternfrontier.Itwastheperiodofhistorywhenthetraditionalvaluesofthenewcountrywerenewlyestablished.Injustageneration,some40yearssincetheadoptionoftheU.S.Constitution,thenewformofgovernmenthadalreadyproducedasocietyofpeoplewithuniquevalues.Hewas,however,aneutralobserverandsawboththegoodandbadsidesofthesequalities.

　　Thefirstpartof“DemocracyinAmerica”waswrittenin1831-32andpublishedin1835.AhighlypositiveandoptimisticaccountofAmericangovernmentandsociety,thebookwasverywellreceived.HeattemptedtogetaglimpseoftheessenceofAmericansociety,allthewhilepromotinghisownphilosophy:

theequalingoftheclassesandtheinevitabledepthofaristocraticprivilege.Therestofthebookhelaboredonforfouryears,andin1840thesecondpartwaspublished.Thiswassubstantiallymorepessimisticthanthefirst,warningofthedangersdespotismandgovernmentalcentralization,andapplyinghisideasandcriticismsmoredirectlytoFrance.Asaresult,itwasnotreceivedaswellasthefirstpart,exceptinEnglandwhereitwasacclaimedhighly.

11.Whatisthepassageprimarilyabout?

（a）AlexisdeTocqueville

（b）“DemocracyinAmerica”

（c）theprogressachievedinAmericawithinabout40yearsafteradoptionoftheU.S.Constitution

（d）theimpactofthebook“DemocracyinAmerica”

12.AllofthefollowingfieldsofprofessionalinterestandactivityareusedtodescribedeTocquevilleEXCEPT

（a）philosopher

（b）author

（c）politicalscientist

（d）politician

13.Accordingtothepassage,whendiddeTocquevillevisitAmerica

（a）1830s

（b）1831

（c）1831-32

（d）1835

14.Thephrase“thesetraits”inlines9-10refersto

（a）observations

（b）howAmericansthink,feel,andact

（c）traditionalAmericanbeliefsandvalues

（d）visibleandmeaningfulobservations

15.Whatinthepassageismentionedasbeingtrulyremarkable?

（a）manyofhisobservationsarestillvisibleandmeaningfultoday

（b）thebookwassodetailedandthoroughafteronlysuchacomparativelyshortvisit

（c）thatthesecondvolumeshouldbesopessimisticincomparisonwiththefirst

（d）deTocqueville’spowersofobservation

16.Theword“unique”inline16isclosestinmeaningto

（a）clearlyidentifiable

（b）outstanding

（c）unmatched

（d）positive

17.Theword“neutral”inline16isclosestinmeaningto

（a）impartial

（b）careful

（c）important

（d）thorough

18.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

（a）theEnglishdon’tliketheFrench

（b）thebookwasmostimportantbecauseitwasthefirsttimethatAmericanvalueshadbeenclearlydocumented

（c）deTocquevillewasaslowwriter

（d）deTocquevillewasprimarilymotivatedbyaninterestinhisowncountry

19.Theword“glimpse”inline20isclosestinmeaningto

（a）overview

（b）glance

（c）briefunderstanding

（d）quickconclusion

20.Accordingtothepassage,“DemocracyinAmerica”consistedofhowmanyvolumes?

（a）one

（b）two

（c）three

（d）four

21.Whichofthefollowingistrue,accordingtothepassage?

（a）thevisitlastedonlyfivemonths

（b）thevisitcoincidedwithAmericanindustrialization

（c）thefirstpartwaspublishedin1835;thesecondpartin1840

（d）thesecondpartwasmoreoptimisticthanthefirst

Questions22-31

　　Thestudyoftheastronomicalpractices,celestiallore,mythologies,religionsandworld-viewsofallancientculturesiscalledarchaeoastronomy.Itisdescribed,inessence,asthe"anthropologyofastronomy",todistinguishitfromthe"historyofastronomy".Manyofthegreatmonumentsandceremonialconstructionsofearlycivilizationswereastronomicallyaligned,andtwowell-knownancientarchaeologicalsitesseemtohavehadanastronomicalpurpose.TheOrionmystery,asitisdubbed,purportsthatthegeometryandbrightnessofthestarsintheOrionconstellationaremirroredinthealignmentandsizeofthegreatpyramidsofEgypt.Whilethisclaimremainshypothetical,itisneverthelessclearthatancientEgyptiansincorporatedastronomywitharchitecture.IntheTempleofAbuSimbel,forexample,sunlightpenetratesasacredchambertoilluminateastatueofRamsesonOctober18,whichusheredinthestartoftheEgyptiancivilyear.Astronomydidnotexistonitsown,however,butasonelimbofalargerbodywhoseotherlimbsincludedagricultureandtheafter-life.Inthissense,astronomylinkedthetwothemeshumansaremostobsessedwith:

lifeanddeath.

　　Aroundthesameperiod,anothermonumentwaserectedthatcombinesreligion,architectureandastronomy.Stonehengewasbuiltinthreeseparatestages,startinginapproximately3000B.C.Mostlyitremainsamystery,buttwocluesoffersomeenlightenment.Oneisthatthemegalithicarrangementisnotrandomnorpurelyaestheticbutastronomical:

Itmarksthesolsticeandlunarphases.Theotheristhatarchaeologicalexcavationshaverevealeditwasalsousedinreligiousceremonies.Chineserecordssuggesttheirownastronomicalobservationsdatedfromthesameperiod;Indiansacredbookspointtoearlierobservations;andBabylonianclaytabletsshowChaldeanpriestshadbeenobservingthesky（includingthemotionofthevisibleplanetsandofeclipses）shortlythereafter.Buttheearliestphysicalvestigeofanobservatoryinfact,liesinsouthernEgypt.SurprisinglyitisprobablynottheproductofaSemitic（SyrianorBabylonian）peoplesbutrathersub-Saharan,asevidencedbyanalysisofahumanjawbonefoundonsite.TheNabtasiteistheAfricanequivalentofStonehengeexceptitpredatesitbysome1,500years.

22.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（a）thedefinitionandsomeexamplesofarchaeoastronomy

（b）thepossibleastronomicalsignificanceofancientmonuments

（c）thehistoryofastronomy

（d）theoldestknownsitepossiblyusedforastronomy

23.Theword“celestial”inline1couldbestbereplacedby

（a）ancient

（b）historical

（c）heavenly

（d）scientific

24.Accordingtothepassage,archaeoastronomy

（a）pre-datesastronomy

（b）istheanthropologyofastronomy

（c）isalsocalledthehistoryofastronomy

（d）isnotatruescience

25.Whichofthefollowing,accordingtothepassage,istrueaboutthegreatpyramidsofEgypt?

（a）theywerebuiltforpurposesofastronomy

（b）theymarkthesolsticeandlunarphases

（c）oneofthemcontainsastatueofRamsesinasacredchamber

（d）theyarepartoftheOrionmystery

26.Theword“ushered”inline11isclosestinmeaningto

（a）brought

（b）identified

（c）marked

（d）signaled

27.Theword“illuminate”inline11isclosestinmeaningto

（a）lightup

（b）warmup

（c）touch

（d）explain

28.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthormakereferencetothemoon?

（a）lines5-9

（b）lines10-14

（c）lines15-19

（d）lines20-24

29.Theword“enlightenment”inline18isclosestinmeaningto

（a）awareness

（b）hope

（c）evidence

（d）explanation

30.Accordingtothepassage,theearliestknownsiteofanobservatoryisprobably

（a）Semitic

（b）Babylonian

（c）Chaldean

（d）Sub-Saharan

31.Inline27,theword“it”referstowhichofthefollowing?

（a）Stonehenge

（b）theNabtasite

（c）African

（d）sub-Saharan

Questions32-39

　　In1803theUnitedStatesnegotiatedthepurchaseoftheLouisianaTerritoryfromFrancefor$15million.WithastrokeofapenAmericadoubledinsize,makingitoneofthelargestnationsintheworld.Thesaleincludedover600millionacresatacostoflessthan3centsanacreinwhattodayisthebetterpartof13statesbetweentheMississippiRiverandtheRockyMountains.ForPresidentThomasJeffersonitwasadiplomaticandpoliticaltriumph.InonefellswoopthepurchaseofLouisianaendedthethreatofwarwithFranceandopenedupthelandwestoftheMississippitosettlement.ByanymeasurethepurchaseofLouisianawasthemostimportantactionofJefferson’stwotermsaspresident.JeffersonknewthatacquiringtheveryheartoftheAmericancontinentwouldprovetobethekeytothefutureoftheUnitedStates.

　　InitiallyJeffersonsenthisministertoFrance,RobertLivingston,offeredNapoleon$2millionforasmalltractoflandonthelowerMississippi.There,Americanscouldbuildtheirownseaport.Impatientatthelackofnews,JeffersonsentJamesMonroetoParistooffer$10millionforNewOrleansandWestFlorida.Almostatthesametime,andunknowntoJefferson,Fr