25+正文样式.docx

25+正文样式.docx

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25+正文样式

1.Introduction

Overthelastseveraldecades,linguistshaveputagreatemphasisontheresearchoftextlinguistics.Thetheoryofcohesion,firstproposedbyHallidayandHasaninCohesioninEnglishin1976,accountsfortherelationshipbetweencohesionandcoherence.DespitethefactthatHalliday’spointofviewhasencounteredmuchcriticismfromotherlinguistssuchasVanDijk（1977）,Widdowson（1978,1979）,BrownandYule（1983）.Denialsontheissue,conversely,stimulatelinguiststomakegreatereffortstoimproveit.Foreignresearchers（HallidayandHasan1985a,1985b;Schiffrin1987;Hubbard1989）andChineselinguists（HuZhuanglin1994;ZhangDelu,1998,1999,2000,2001,2003b;ZhangDeluandLiuRushan2003a;ZhuYongsheng1995,1996a,1996b,1997;ZhuYongshengandYanShiqing2001）areamongthosewhocontributegreatlyinthefield.

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Contrastivetransition,undertheheadingoftransition,hasbeensetintothecoherence-basedtheoryframeworkbylinguists（Halliday1976,1985a,1985b;MannandThompson1986;Schiffrin1987;Fraser1990）.Contrastivetransitionreferstolexicalitemsthatsignalcontrastivecoherencerelationbetweenadjacenttextspans.Contrastivetransitionhasbeenstudiedasfunctionalwordsbygrammarians,andviewedascohesivedevicebysystemic-functionallinguists.Nevertheless,thefunctionsofcontrastivetransitionrequirefurtherdiscussion.Inthispaper,theyareexploredinthelightofHalliday’stheoryofthreemetafunctionsoflanguage.Pragmaticandcognitiveprinciples—AustinandSearl’sspeechacttheory,SperberandWilson’stheoryofrelevance—areappliedtotheissueaswell,particularlytotheinterpersonalandtextualfunctions.

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2.Asurveyofthestudyofcontrastivetransition

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2.1Theissueofcohesionandcoherence

2.1.1Thetheoryofcohesion

Thepastseveraldecadeshaveseenaphenomenalgrowthininterestintextlinguistics.Linguistsendeavortomakesomecontributiontowardsit,andamongthemsystemic-functionallinguists—HallidayandHasan—aredistinguishedfortheirpublicationofCohesioninEnglishin1976.

CohesionhasbeenextensivelystudiedinEnglishbyresearcherssuchasHallidayandHasan（1976,1985a,1985b）,Schiffrin（1987），andHubbard（1989）.InChina,HuZhuanglin（1994）,ZhangDelu（1998,1999,2000,2001,2003）,ZhangDeluandLiuRushan（2003）,ZhuYongsheng（1995,1996a,1996b,1997）,ZhuYongshengandYanShiqing（2001）havemadegreatachievementsinthefield.

Thetheoryofcohesion,firstproposedbyHallidayandHasan,accountsfortherelationshipbetweenthedifferentelementsofatextsoastoenablethereaderorlistenertoderivemeaningfromthetext.Withoutcohesionatextmaybefragmentedandloseitsmeaning.Cohesionmakesatextconsistent,sothatideasareeasilyfollowed.

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Traditionallyseenasoneofthefourbasicskillsofsecondlanguage（L2）learning,writingalwaysoccupiesanimportantpositioninlanguageteachingandtesting.AsisreviewedinSpolsky（1995）,essaywritingwasoneofthetwotestformatsduringthepre-scientificperiodoflanguagetesting,theotherbeingtranslation.Inthe1920s,anewtypeoftests—objectivetests—madeitsdebutintheUnitedStates.Duringthisperiod,prioritywasgiventoobjectivity.TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage（TOEFL）,forinstance,adoptedtheformoferrorcorrectiontotestwritingability.Inrecentyears,however,withBachman’s（1990）advocacyforcommunicativecompetenceandaccordinglyforcommunicativelanguagetesting,writingagainbecomesavitalpartinvarioustests.

AsurveyoftheinternationallyrecognizedproficiencytestslendssupporttothesignificanceofwritingtoL2learners.TheTOEFLInternet-basedtest（TOEFLIBT）,tobeunleashedworldwidein2006,featurestwowritingtasks:

oneintegratedandoneindependent.Thewritingsectionaccountsfor25%ofthetotalscore.InternationalEnglishLanguageTestingSystem（IELTS）,alsoassignstwowritingtasks:

ananalysisofachart,oratableorothersandacompositionaboutanargument.MichiganEnglishLanguageAssessmentBattery（MELAB）,atesttomeasureproficiencyinadvanced-levellanguageskillsforadmissiontoEnglish-mediumcollegesanduniversities,alsohascompositionasoneofitsthree-parttest.

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Themodernworldrequiresboththeabilitytoconcentrateononethingandtheabilitytoattendtomorethanonethingatatime:

“Ideally,eachindividualwouldcultivatearepertoireofstylesofattention,appropriatetodifferentsituations,andwouldlearnhowtoembedactivitiesandtypesofattentiononewithinanother”（Bateson1987:

97）.

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Notes

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Appendix

DiscourseComprehensionTest（see5.2）

From2004PostgraduateEntranceExaminChina

TimeLimit:

40minutes

Note:

Thebold-facedpartsareomittedinTypeA

Passage1

Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“personalsearchagent”.It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualproperty,andWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisrésumétotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.

Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:

“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility,”saysoneexpert.…

Bibliography各项内容书写格式说明

Gruen,E.S.TheImageofRome[M].EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey:

PrenticeHall,1969.

Biguenet,J.,andR.Schulte,eds.TheCraftofTranslation[C].Chicago:

UniversityofChicagoPress,1992.

Bateson,A.G.,RalphA.Alexander,andMartinD.Murphy.Cognitiveprocessingdifferencesbetweennoviceandexpertcomputerprogrammers[J].InternationalJournalofMan-MachineStudies26.6（1987）:

649-60.

Dostoevsky,F.CrimeandPunishment[M].Trans.JessieCoulson.Ed.GeorgeGibian.NewYork:

Norton,1964.