高一英语阅读理解科普环保试题有答案和解析及解析.docx

高一英语阅读理解科普环保试题有答案和解析及解析.docx

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高一英语阅读理解科普环保试题有答案和解析及解析

高一英语阅读理解（科普环保）试题（有答案和解析）及解析

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

   Robotsarenowbeingemployednotjustfordangeroustasks,suchasdiscoveringminesorrescuingpeopleindisasters.Theyarealsofindingapplicationashouseholdhelpsandasnursingassistants.Asincreasingnumbersofmachines,equippedwiththelatestartificialintelligence,takeonagrowingvarietyofspecializedandeverydaytasks,thequestionofhowpeopleseethemandbehavetowardsthembecomesevermoreurgent.

   AteamledbySariNijssenofRadboudUniversityandMarkusPaulus,ProfessorofDevelopmentalPsychologyatLudwig-Maximilians-Universitaet（LMU）,havecarriedoutastudytodeterminethedegreetowhichpeopleshowconcernforrobotsandbehavetowardsthembasedonmoralprinciples.

   AccordingtoSariNijssen,thestudysetouttoanswerthefollowingquestion:

"Underwhatcircumstanceswouldadultsbewillingtosacrificerobotstosavehumanlives?

"Theparticipantswerefacedwithahypothetical（假设的）moraldilemma:

Wouldtheybepreparedtoputasinglepersonatriskinordertosaveagroupofinjuredpersons?

Inthesituationspresentedtheintendedvictimwaseitherahuman,ahumanoidrobotthathadbeenhumanized（人性化的）tovariousdegreesorarobotthatwasclearlyrecognizableasamachine.

   Thestudysuggestedthatthemoretherobotwashumanized,thelesslikelyparticipantsweretosacrificeit.Situationsthatincludedvividstoriesinwhichtherobotwasdescribedasamercifulbeingorasacreaturewithitsownunderstandings,experiencesandthoughts,weremorelikelytostopthestudyparticipantsfromsacrificingitintheinterestsofanonymous（无名的）humans.

   "Thisresultindicatesthatourstudygroupattachedacertainmoralstatustotherobot,"saysPaulus."Onepossiblesuggestionofthisfindingisthatattemptstohumanizerobotsshouldnotgotoofar.Sucheffortscouldcomeintoconflictwiththeirintendedfunction—tobeofhelptous."

（1）Whathasbecomeaconcernaboutrobots?

A. Howtohumanizethem.

B. Howtotreattheminlife.

C. Howtousethemeffectively.

D. Howtofindmoreapplications.

（2）Inthestudytheparticipantsprobablyhavetodecide________.

A. whentosacrificearobot

B. wheretoexperiencerisks

C. whichrobottoworkwith

D. whatrobotsshouldbelike

（3）WhatcanbeinferredfromPaulus'words?

A. Humanizedrobotsofferlesshelptopeople.

B. Humanizingrobotstoomuchmaybeimproper.

C. Certainmoralstatusshouldbeattachedtorobots.

D. Conflictsoftenhappenbetweenhumansandrobots.

（4）Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A. Robots,AMustforFuture

B. HumanizedRobots,ANewTrend

C. RobotSaved,PeopleTaketheHit

D. HumanizedRobots,ReplaceHuman

【答案】

（1）B

（2）A

（3）B

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，随着越来越多的机器人具有人性化，它们承担越来越多样化的专业和日常任务，人们如何看待他们，如何对待他们的问题变的迫在眉睫。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第一段中的“Asincreasingnumbersofmachines,equippedwiththelatestartificialintelligence,takeonagrowingvarietyofspecializedandeverydaytasks,thequestionofhowpeopleseethemandbehavetowardsthembecomesevermoreurgent.”可知，随着越来越多的机器装备了最新的人工智能，承担着越来越多的专业和日常任务，人们如何看待它们以及如何对待它们的问题变得越来越紧迫。

故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“AccordingtoSariNijssen,thestudysetouttoanswerthefollowingquestion:

‘Underwhatcircumstanceswouldadultsbewillingtosacrificerobotstosavehumanlives?

’"可知，在这项研究中，参与者可能必须决定何时牺牲机器人。

故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的"‘Thisresultindicatesthatourstudygroupattachedacertainmoralstatustotherobot,’saysPaulus."Onepossiblesuggestionofthisfindingisthatattemptstohumanizerobotsshouldnotgotoofar.Sucheffortscouldcomeintoconflictwiththeirintendedfunction—tobeofhelptous."可知，Paulus认为让机器人人性化的尝试不应该走得太远，可以推断出，Paulus认为过多地人性化机器人可能是不合适的。

故选B。

（4）考查主旨大意。

根据第四段中的“Thestudysuggestedthatthemoretherobotwashumanized,thelesslikelyparticipantsweretosacrificeit.”及全文内容可知，文章主要叙述了随着越来越多的机器人具有人性化，参与者就可能越不会牺牲机器人。

因此标题“机器人被拯救，人类就会承受打击”最切题，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

   Whilefakingandfiercelooksareamonganimalsgreatdefenses,manyspeciesknowthateveryonerunsfromabigstink（臭气）too.

   Vulture（秃鸳）

   Vultures,arestreetsweepersthatfeastontherottingfleshofdeadanimals,whichbenefitsusbyriddingourhighwaysandlandscapesofanimalbodiesandthebacteriatheymightcarry.Whenvulturesfeelthreatenedtheyvomit,andthesmellofvomited-ondeadbodiesputsofmostpredators.Throwingupallowsthevulturetoflyawaymorequickly-andthevomitcanhurttheaggressor'seyesandface.

   Opossum（负鼠）

   Insomewaysopossumshaveiteasy.Inordertobecome"dead",theydon'thavetofaxanyoneadeathcertificate.Theyjustlietherewiththeirtongueshangingoutwiththesmellofdeadflesh,sometimesforhours,effectivelyconvincingpotentialpredatorstheycanfindamuchfreshermealelsewhere.Eveniftheykeepgettingattacked,theywon'tmoveanymorethanahumanstatueuntilthethreathaspassed.

   Hoatzin（磨雉）

   Holdyournoseandmeetthehoatzin,abirdofdistinctions,nottheleastofwhichisthatitsmellslikefreshcowshit.Theanimalmostlyeatsleavesandit'stheonlybirdknowntodigestbyfermentation,likeacow.Thisprocessiswhatcausesitssmellandhasearneditthenicknamethe"stinkbird

   Millipedes（千足虫）

   Millipedesaretricky.Forstarterstheylookwormy.Theirnameisdeceptive,too:

Theirlegsnumberabout750.Theirmajordefenseistocurlupintoaball.They,though,alsoreleaseaharmeyes,andleaveahorriblesmellontheirattackers.

   SeaHare（海兔）

   Thegracefulseahareisplainintasteinthefirstplace,soit'snotthemostpopulardishintheseafoodchain.Nonethelessthistypeofseacreaturehasaprettycreativesmell-relateddefensethatisalmosttheoppositeofitssmellycompanionsonthislist.Theseaharegivesoutaslimy,purpleink,thesubstancewhichmakesfoodlesspalatabletopredators.

   Researchersusinglobsters（2-f）asmodelpredatorsfoundthattheseablocksthelobstersreceptivemechanism.Inotherwords,theseaharegivesitsattackertheequivalentofastuffynosesotheydon'tknowhowappealingitis.

（1）Theseaharedefendsitselffrompredatorsby________.

A. becomingplainintasteatthediscoveryofapredator

B. givingoutpurpleinktomakeitselfinvisibletopredators

C. releasingsubstancetomakepredatorsunabletosmellit

D. givingoffsmellygastotrytodrivepredatorsaway

（2）WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A. Thevulturecarriesbacteriasothatpredatorsdarenotgetclosetoit.

B. Theopossumfakesitsdeathtoavoidbeingtargetedbypredators.

C. Thehoatzineatscowshitsothatitisnick-namedas"stinkbird".

D. Thegasreleasedbymillipedewasbasicallyharmless.

（3）Thespeciesthatenjoysmorethanonedefensemechanismis________.

A. vulture                           

B. opossum                           

C. millipede                           

D. seahare

【答案】

（1）C

（2）B

（3）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一些野生动物是如何进行自身防御的。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据 SeaHare（海兔）部分中的“Theseaharegivesoutaslimy,purpleink,thesubstancewhichmakesfoodlesspalatabletopredators.”可知，海兔身上散发出黏糊糊的紫色墨水，这种物质使得捕食者对食物不那么感兴趣，从而保护自己免受捕食者的伤害。

故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据 Opossum（负鼠）部分中的“Inordertobecome‘dead’,theydon'thavetofaxanyoneadeathcertificate.Theyjustlietherewiththeirtongueshangingoutwiththesmellofdeadflesh,sometimesforhours,effectivelyconvincingpotentialpredatorstheycanfindamuchfreshermealelsewhere.”可知，负鼠假装死亡，让捕食者在其他地方找到更新鲜的食物，以避免成为捕食者的目标。

故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据Millipedes（千足虫）部分中的“Theirmajordefenseistocurlupintoaball.They,though,alsoreleaseaharmeyes,andleaveahorriblesmellontheirattackers.”可知，千足虫主要防守是蜷成一团。

然而，它们也会释放出有害的 眼睛，并在攻击者身上留下可怕的气味。

从而可以推断出，千足虫是拥有多种防御机制的物种。

故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

3．犇犇阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

   Whileeverydogownerknowstheirdogscanreadtheirmoodsperfectly,scientistshavealwaysbeenalittledoubtful.NowthankstosomeresearchersattheUniversityofVeterinaryMedicineinVienna,Austria,wefinallyhavesomeconvincingevidence.

   Fortheirstudy,biologistCorsonMillerandhisteamexposeselevenselecteddogstodigitalimagesofwomenthatwereeitherangryorhappy.Halfthedogswererewardedfortouchingthescreenwhenshownahappyface,whiletheotherhalfgottheirtreatforselectingthosethatappearedangry.

   Interestingly,thedogswerenotprovidedwiththeentireface.Somedogswereshownonlyupperhalveswhiletheothersobservedlowerhalves.That'sbecausethescientistsbelievehumansshowtheiremotionsontheirentireface.

   Aftersometraininglikehowtorecognizesmalldifferenceslikethewrinklesbetweentheeyesorthechangesintheirshapethataccompanythehappyorangryexpressions,thedogsweremostlyabletoidentifythecorrectexpressionnotonlyonafamiliarfacebutonastrangeface.Theresearchersconcludedthedogsweresmartenoughtoreadhumanemotions.

   Theyalsofoundthosebeingtrainedtoreadangryexpressionstookalongertimetolearn.Theyguessitmaybebecausedogsfindangryfacesdisgusting,causingthemtowithdrawquickly.However,oncethesmartdogsrealizedtheyweregettingrewarded,thetrepidationseemedtodisappear.Infact,thedogshadsuchagoodtimeplayingthecomputer"game"Thatscientistshadahardtimekeepingthemawayfromthetouchscreensafterthestudywascompleted.

   T