英语语言学名词解释1.docx

英语语言学名词解释1.docx

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英语语言学名词解释1

Chapter12 :

LanguageAndBrain

1.neurolinguistics:

Itisthestudyofrelationshipbetweenbrainandlanguage.Itincludesresearchintohowthestructureofthebraininfluenceslanguagelearning,howandinwhichpartsofthebrainlanguageisstored,andhowdamagetothebrainaffectstheabilitytouselanguage.

2.psycholinguistics:

thestudyoflanguageprocessing.Itisconcernedwiththeprocessesoflanguageacqisition,comprehensionandproduction.

3.brainlateralization:

Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptivefunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrain.

4.dichoticlistening:

Atechniqueinwhichstimulieitherlinguisticornon-linguisticarepresentedthroughheadphonestotheleftandrighteartodeterminethelateralizationofcognitivefunction.

5.rightearadvantage:

Thephenomenonthattherightearshowsanadvantagefortheperceptionoflinguisticsignalsidknownastherightearadvantage.

6.splitbrainstudies:

Theexperimentsthatinvestigatetheeffectsofsurgicallyseveringthecorpuscallosumoncognitionarecalledassplitbrainstudies.

7.aphasia:

Itreferstoanumberofacquiredlanguagedisordersduetothecerebrallesionscausedbyatumor,anaccidentandsoon.

8.non-fluentaphasia:

Damagetopartsofthebraininfrontofthecentralsulcusiscallednon-fluentaphasia.

9.fluentaphasia:

Damagetopartsoftheleftcortexbehindthecentralsulcusresultsinatypeofaphasiacalledfluentaphasia.

10.Acquireddyslexia:

Damageinandaroundtheangulargyrusoftheparietallobeoftencausestheimpairmentofreadingandwritingability,whichisreferredtoasacquireddyslexia.

11.phonologicaldyslexia:

itisatypeofacquireddyslexiainwhichthepatientseemstohavelosttheabilitytousespelling-to-soundrules.

12.surfacedyslexia:

itisatypeofacquireddyslexiainwhichthepatientseemsunabletorecognizewordsaswholebutmustprocessallwordsthroughasetofspelling-to-soundrules.

13.spoonerism:

aslipoftongueinwhichthepositionofsounds,syllables,orwordsisreversed,forexample,Let’shavechishandfipsinstendofLet’shavefishandchips.

14.priming:

theprocessthatbeforetheparticipantsmakeadecisionwhetherthestringoflettersisawordornot,theyarepresentedwithanactivatedword.

15.frequencyeffect:

Subjectstakelesstimetomakejudgementonfrequentlyusedwordsthantojudgelesscommonlyusedwords.Thisphenomenoniscalledfrequencyeffect.

16.lexicaldecision:

anexperimentthatletparticipantsjudgewhetherastringofletterisawordornotatacertaintime.

17.theprimingexperiment:

Anexperimentthatletsubjectsjudgewhetherastringoflettersisawordornotaftershowedwithastimulusword,calledprime.

18.primingeffect:

Sincethementalrepresentationisactivatedthroughtheprime,whenthetargetispresented,responsetimeisshorterthatitotherwisewouldhavebeen.Thisiscalledtheprimingeffect.（06F）

19.bottom-upprocessing:

anapproachthatmakesuseprincipallyofinformationwhichisalreadypresentinthedata.

20.top-downprocessing:

anapproachthatmakesuseofpreviousknowledgeandexperienceofthereadersinanalyzingandprocessinginformationwhichisreceived.

21.gardenpathsentences:

asentenceinwhichthecomprehenderassumesaparticularmeaningofawordorphrasebutdiscoverslaterthattheassumptionwasincorrect,forcingthecomprehendertobacktrackandreinterpretthesentence.

22.slipofthetongue:

mistakesinspeechwhichprovidepsycholinguisticevidenceforthewayweformulatewordsandphrases.

Chapter11 :

SecondLanguageAcquisition

1.secondlanguageacquisition:

Itreferstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.

2.targetlanguage:

Thelanguagetobeacquiredbythesecondlanguagelearner.

3.secondlanguage:

Asecondlanguageisalanguagewhichisnotanativelanguageinacountrybutwhichiswidelyusedasamediumofcommunicationandwhichisusuallyusedalongsideanotherlanguageorlanguages.

4.foreignlanguage:

Aforeignlanguageisalanguagewhichistaughtasaschoolsubjectbutwhichisnotusedasamediumofinstructioninschoolsnorasalanguageofcommunicationwithinacountry.

5.interlanguage:

Atypeoflanguageproducedbysecondandforeignlanguagelearners,whoareintheprocessoflearningalanguage,andthistypeoflanguageusuallycontainswrongexpressions.

6.fossilization:

Insecondorforeignlanguagelearning,thereisaprocesswhichsometimesoccursinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.

7.contrastiveanalysis:

amethodofanalyzinglanguagesforinstructionalpurposeswherebyanativelanguageandtargetlanguagearecomparedwithaviewtoestablishingpointsofdifferencelikelytocausedifficultiesforlearners.

8.contrastiveanalysishypothesis:

Ahypothesisinsecondlanguageacquisition.Itpredictsthatwheretherearesimilaritiesbetweenthefirstandsecondlanguages,thelearnerwillacquiresecondlanguagestructurewithease,wheretherearedifferences,thelearnerwillhavedifficulty.

9.positivetransfer:

Itreferstothetransferthatoccurwhenboththenativelanguageandthetargetlanguagehavethesameform,thusmakinglearningeasier.（06F）

10.negativetransfer:

themistakentransferoffeaturesofone’snativelanguageintoasecondlanguage.

11.erroranalysis:

thestudyandanalysisoferrorsmadebysecondandforeignlanguagelearnersinordertoidentifycausesoferrorsorcommondifficultiesinlanguagelearning.

12.interlingualerror:

errors,whichmainlyresultfromcross-linguisticinterferenceatdifferentlevelssuchasphonological,lexical,grammaticaletc.

13.intralingualerror:

Errors,whichmainlyresultfromfaultyorpartiallearningofthetargetlanguage,independentofthenativelanguage.Thetypicalexamplesareovergeneralizationandcross-association.

14.overgeneralization:

Theuseofpreviouslyavailablestrategiesinnewsituations,inwhichtheyareunacceptable.

15.cross-association:

somewordsaresimilarinmeaningaswellasspellingandpronunciation.Thisinternalinterferenceiscalledcross-association.

16.error:

theproductionofincorrectformsinspeechorwritingbyanon-nativespeakerofasecondlanguage,duetohisincompleteknowledgeoftherulesofthattargetlanguage.

17.mistake:

mistakes,definedaseitherintentionallyorunintentionallydeviantformsandself-corrigible,suggestfailureinperformance.

18.input:

languagewhichalearnerhearsorreceivesandfromwhichheorshecanlearn.

19.intake:

theinputwhichisactuallyhelpfulforthelearner.

20.InputHypothesis:

AhypothesisproposedbyKrashen,whichstatesthatinsecondlanguagelearning,it’snecessaryforthelearnertounderstandinputlanguagewhichcontainslinguisticitemsthatareslightlybeyondthelearner’spresentlinguisticcompetence.Eventuallytheabilitytoproducelanguageissaidtoemergenaturallywithoutbeingtaughtdirectly.

21.acquisition:

Acquisitionisaprocesssimilartothewaychildrenacquiretheirfirstlanguage.Itisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.Learnersarehardlyawareoftheirlearningbuttheyareusinglanguagetocommunicate.Itisalsocalledimplicitlearning,informallearningornaturallearning.

22.learning:

learningisaconsciouslearningofsecondlanguageknowledgebylearningtherulesandtalkingabouttherules.

23.comprehensibleinput:

Inputlanguagewhichcontainslinguisticitemsthatareslightlybeyondthelearner’spresentlinguisticcompetence.（06F）

24.languageaptitude:

thenaturalabilitytolearnalanguage,notincludingintelligence,motivation,interest,etc.

25.motivation:

motivationisdefinedasthelearner’sattitudesandaffectivestateorlearningdrive.

26.instrumentalmotivation:

themotivationthatpeoplelearnaforeignlanguageforinstrumentalgoalssuchaspassingexams,orfurtheringacareeretc.（06C）

27.integrativemotivation:

thedrivethatpeoplelearnaforeignlanguagebecauseofthewishtoidentifywiththetargetculture.（06C/05）

28.resultativemotivation:

thedrivethatlearnerslearnasecondlanguageforexternalpurposes.（06F）

29.intrinsicmotivation:

thedrivethatlearnerslearnthesecondlanguageforenjoymentorpleasurefromlearning.

30.learningstrategies:

learningstrategiesarelearners’consciousgoal-orientedandproblem-solvingbasedeffortstoachievelearningefficiency.

31.cognitivestrategies:

strategiesinvolvedinanalyzing,synthesis,andinternalizingwhathasbeenlearned.（07C/06F）

32.metacognitivestrategies:

thetechniquesinplanning,monitoringandevaluatingone’slearning.

33.affect/socialstrategies:

thestrategiesdealingwiththewayslearnersinteractorcommunicatewithotherspeakers,nativeornon-native.

Chapter10:

LanguageAcquisition

1.languageacquisition:

Itreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.

2.languageacquisitiondevice（LAD）:

Ahypotheticalinnatemechanismeverynormalhumanchildisbelievedtobebornwith,whichallowthemtoacquirelanguage.（03）

3.UniversalGrammar:

Atheorywhichclaimstoaccountforthegrammaticalcompetenceofeveryadultnomatterwhatlanguageheorshespeaks.

4.motherese:

Aspecialspeechtochildrenusedbyadults,whichischaracterizedwithslowrateofspeed,highpitch,richintonation,shorterandsimplersentencestructuresetc.----又叫childdirectedspeech，caretakertalk.（05）

5.CriticalPeriodHypothesis:

Thehypothesisthatthetimespanbetweenearlychildhoodand