International Business Culture.docx

International Business Culture.docx

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InternationalBusinessCulture

InternationalBusinessCulture

黄云琳

SessionOne

✹BasicsofInternationalbusinessculture

Termsininterculturalcommunication

✹Stereotype

✹Prejudice

✹Ethnocentrism

✹Empathy

I.DefinitionsofCulture

“itiseverything”（c）

“itisopera,art,andballet”（C）

sociologists,anthologists,psychologists,physiologists,linguists,etc.

Dictionarydefinition:

✹thecustoms,beliefs,art,music,andalltheotherproductsofhumanthoughtmadebyaparticulargroupofpeopleataparticulartime;artisticandotheractivityofthemindandtheworksproducedbythis.

Onedefinition

✹Cultureisasetoflearnedcorevalues,beliefs,standards,knowledge,morals,laws,andbehaviorssharedbyindividualsandsocietiesthatdetermineshowanindividualacts,feels,andviewsoneselfandothers.

CharacteristicsofCulture

1.CultureIsLearned（softwareofthemind）

education（secondarysocialization）（formal）

Socializationsocialization（primarysocialization）（=enculturation）（informal）

Interaction,observation,imitation

Internalized,habitual

A.     Welearnourculturethroughproverbs.

✹Strikewhiletheironishot.

✹Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.

✹Aman’shomeishiscastle.

✹Onedoesnotmakethewindbutisblownbyit.

✹Anironpestlecangrounddowntoaneedle,perseverancewillmakesuccess.

B.     Welearnourculturefromfolktales,legends,andmyths.

✹Pinocchio’snosegrowinglarger

✹Cinderella（USA:

attractive,weakandpassive;Japan:

intellectual,gentleness;…）

C.     Welearnourculturethroughart.

✹Artisasymbolicwayofcommunicating

Asiancountries,objects,animals,landscape

AmericanandEuropeancountries,people（Artiststrytocreateapersonalmessage）innovate,invent

D.Welearnourculturethroughmassmedia.

Innovation:

isusuallydefinedasthediscoveryofnewpractices,tools,orconceptsthatmanymembersofthecultureeventuallyacceptandthatmayproduceslightchangesinsocialhabitsandbehaviors.

✹Diffusion:

istheborrowingbyoneculturefromanother.Historically,diffusionhasbeenpartofculturalcontactforaslongascultureshaveexisted.

✹Acculturation:

asatypeofculturalchange,occurswhenasocietyundergoesdrasticculturechangeundertheinfluenceofamoredominantcultureandsocietywithwhichithascomeincontact.

CulturalComponents

language,religion,valuesandattitudes,mannersandcustoms,aesthetics,materialelements,education,andsocialinstitutions

Language

✹mirrorofculture

✹multidimensional

2）.Languagecapabilityservesfourdistinctrolesininternationalbusiness.

✹Languageisimportantininformationgatheringandevaluation.

✹Languageprovidesaccesstolocalsociety.

✹Languagecapabilityisincreasinglyimportantincompanycommunications,whetherwithinthecorporationfamilyorwithchannelmembers.

✹Languageprovidesmorethantheabilitytocommunicate.

NonverbalLanguage

  Religion

✹1）.AnobviousexampleoftheeffectoninternationalbusinessofreligiousbeliefsistheprohibitionofporkproductsandalcoholicbeveragesintheMiddleEast.

✹2）.Majorholidaysareoftentiedtoreligion.

✹3）.Theroleofwomeninbusinessistiedtoreligion,especiallyintheMiddleEast,wheretheyarenotabletofunctionastheywouldintheWest.（implications?

）

ValuesandAttitudes

✹1）.Valuesaresharedbeliefsorgroupnormsthathavebeeninternalizedbyindividuals.Attitudesareevaluationsofalternativesbasedonthesevalues.

Culturalvalues

primary,secondary,tertiary

MannersandCustoms

✹1）.Understandingmannersandcustomsisespeciallyimportantinnegotiations,becauseinterpretationsbasedonone’sownframeofreferencemayleadtoatotallyincorrectconclusion.

MaterialElements

✹Materialculturereferstotheresultsoftechnologyandisdirectlyrelatedtohowasocietyorganizesitseconomiccapacity.

✹Technologicaladvanceshaveprobablybeenthemajorcauseofculturalchangeinmanycountries.

Aesthetics

✹Eachculturemakesaclearstatementconcerninggoodtaste,asexpressedintheartsandintheparticularsymbolismofcolor,form,andmusic.

Education

✹Education,eitherformalorinformal,playsamajorroleinthepassingonandsharingofculture.

✹Educationallevelswillhaveanimpactonvariousbusinessfunctions.

✹Iftechnologyismarketed,thelevelofsophisticationoftheproductwilldependontheeducationalleveloffutureusers.

SocialInstitutions

✹A.  Socialinstitutionsaffectthewayspeoplerelatetoeachother.

✹B.   Theconceptofkinship,orbloodrelationsbetweenindividuals.

✹C.Socialorganizationalsodeterminestherolesofmanagersandsubordinatesandhowtheyrelatetooneanother.

Objective/factualinformation

vs

experiential/interpretiveknowledge

CulturalAdaptation

Itreferstothemakingofbusinessdecisionsappropriatetotheculturaltraitsofthesociety.

Aself-referencecriterion（SRC）:

Wheneverpeoplearefacedwithunfamiliarsituations,theirownvaluesarethemeasurefortheirunderstandingandresponsetothecircumstances.

SessionTwo

✹nonverbalcommunication

I.Theimportanceofnonverbalcommunication

✹1.Wemakeimportantjudgmentsanddecisionsaboutothersbasedontheirnon-verbalbehavior.

✹2. Weusetheactionsofotherstolearnabouttheiraffectiveoremotionalstates.

✹3. Manyofournonverbalactionsarenoteasilycontrolledconsciously.

✹4. Nonverbalcommunicationisimportanttothestudyofinterculturalcommunicationbecauseagreatdealofnonverbalbehaviorspeaksauniversallanguage.

Definingnonverbalcommunication

✹1.Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.

✹2.Nonverbalmessagesmaybebothintentionalandunintentional.

Functionsofnonverbalcommunication

✹Nonverbalcommunicationhasfivebasicfunctions:

torepeat,complement,substituteforaverbalaction,regulate,andcontradictacommunicationevent.

Nonverbalcommunication:

guidelinesandlimitations

✹1. Itisimportanttorememberthatweareallmorethanourculture.

✹Thisisanotherwayofsayingwearenotallalikewhenitcomestovalues,attitudes,beliefs,andnonverbalcommunication.

Nonverbalcommunicationandculture

✹1.Muchofournonverbalbehavior,likeculture,tendstobeelusive,spontaneous,andfrequentlybeyondourawareness.

Twocomprehensivecategories:

✹

（1）thoseprimarilyproducedbythebody:

appearance,movements（kinesics）,facialexpressions,eyecontact,touch;

✹

（2）thosetheindividualcombineswiththesetting:

space,time,andsilence.

SpaceandDistance

✹Personalspace

✹Howhumansusespaceisreferredtoasproxemics.EdwardT.Hallsuggeststhat“eachpersonhasaroundhimaninvisiblebubbleofspacewhichexpandsandcontractsdependingonhisrelationshiptothosearoundhim,hisemotionalstate,andtheactivityheisperforming.”BasedonhisobservationsofNorthAmericans,Halldevelopedfourcategoriesofdistanceinhumaninteractions:

4.Time

✹Wecanunderstandaculture'ssenseoftimebylearningabouthowmembersofthatcultureviewinformaltime.

✹Attitudestowardtimealsoappearinthewayspeopleconceiveofthepast,present,andfuture.

✹Culturalorientationstowardtimecanbeclassifiedasmonochronicorpolychronic

5.Silence

✹Theuseofsilencevariesfromculturetoculture.

✹Generally,Easternculturesvaluesilencemorethantheuseofwords;inWesterncultures,theoppositeistrue.

SessionThree

CulturalPattern

Itreferstoboththeconditionsthatcontributetothewayinwhichapeopleperceiveandthinkabouttheworld,andthemannerinwhichtheyliveinthatworld.

Cautionaryremarksforonetobetterusetheculturalpatterns

✹Thevalueoftheculturemaynotbethevalueofallindividualswithintheculture.

✹Itwouldbeusefulifyoutrytovisualizeeachculture’sresponsetoaspecificpatternasapointonacontinuumratherthanoneofonlytwopossibleresponses.

✹Thepatternareinterrelatedwithahostofothervaluesanddonotoperateinisolation.

Hofstede'sDimensions

GeertH.HofstedewasbornonOctober2,1928inHaarlem,theNetherlands.

Hofstedeismostwellknownforhisworkonfourdimensionsofculturalvariability:

UncertaintyAvoidance,PowerDistance,Masculinity-Femininity,Individualism-Collectivism

IndividualismvsCollectivism

✹OnindividualistculturesHofstede’srespondentssaidthatindividualsshouldlookaftertheirowninterestsandtheinterestsoftheirimmediatefamily（husband,wife,andchildren）.

TraitsofHighlyIndividualistCultures

Emphasisonindividualinitiative,decisions,andachievement.

✹TraitsofCollectivistCultures

Emphasisonbelongingtogroupsandorganizationsthatmakedecisionsandprotectpeopleinexchangefortheirloyalty

✹Thebeliefthatinsociety,everyoneissupposedtotakecareofhimselforherselfandhisorherimmediatefamily

✹Expertise,order,duty,securityprovidedbytheorganizationorclan

✹“I”consciousnessandself-orientation:

identitybasedintheindividual

✹“We”consciousnessandcollectivityorientation:

identityrootedinthesocialsystem

✹Emotionalindependenceoftheindividualfromorganizationsorinstitutions

✹Emotionaldependenceoftheindividualonorganizationsandinstitutions

✹Beliefthateveryonehasarighttoaprivatelifeandopinion

✹Theinvasionofprivatelifebyorganizationsandclanstowhichtheindividualbelongs;opinionspredetermined

✹The