曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案28章分析解析.docx

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案28章分析解析.docx

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曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案28章分析解析

28

UNEMPLOYMENT

WHAT’SNEWINTHESEVENTHEDITION:

AnewIntheNewsfeatureon“WhyHasEmploymentDeclined”hasbeenaddedandallstatisticsandtableshavebeenupdated.

LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:

Bytheendofthischapter,studentsshouldunderstand:

Øthedatausedtomeasuretheamountofunemployment.

Øhowunemploymentcanresultfromminimum-wagelaws.

Øhowunemploymentcanarisefrombargainingbetweenfirmsandunions.

Øhowunemploymentresultswhenfirmschoosetopayefficiencywages.

CONTEXTANDPURPOSE:

Chapter15isthefourthchapterinafour-chaptersequenceonthelevelandgrowthofoutputinthelongrun.InChapter12,welearnedthatcapitalandlaborareamongtheprimarydeterminantsofoutputandgrowth.InChapter13,weaddressedhowsavingandinvestmentincapitalgoodsaffecttheproductionofoutput.InChapter14,welearnedaboutsomeofthetoolspeopleandfirmsusewhenchoosingcapitalprojectsinwhichtoinvest.InChapter15,weseehowfullutilizationofourlaborresourcesimprovesthelevelofproductionandourstandardofliving.

ThepurposeofChapter15istointroducestudentstothelabormarket.Wewillseehoweconomistsmeasuretheperformanceofthelabormarketusingunemploymentstatistics.Wewillalsoaddressanumberofsourcesofunemploymentandsomepoliciesthatthegovernmentmightusetolowercertaintypesofunemployment.

KEYPOINTS:

∙Theunemploymentrateisthepercentageofthosewhowouldliketoworkwhodonothavejobs.TheBureauofLaborStatisticscalculatesthisstatisticmonthlybasedonasurveyofthousandsofhouseholds.

∙Theunemploymentrateisanimperfectmeasureofjoblessness.Somepeoplewhocallthemselvesunemployedmayactuallynotwanttowork,andsomepeoplewhowouldliketoworkhaveleftthelaborforceafteranunsuccessfulsearchandthereforearenotcountedasunemployed.

∙IntheU.S.economy,mostpeoplewhobecomeunemployedfindworkwithinashortperiodoftime.Nonetheless,mostunemploymentobservedatanygiventimeisattributabletothefewpeoplewhoareunemployedforlongperiodsoftime.

∙Onereasonforunemploymentisthetimeittakesforworkerstosearchforjobsthatbestsuittheirtastesandskills.Thisfrictionalunemploymentisincreasedasaresultofunemploymentinsurance,agovernmentpolicydesignedtoprotectworkers’incomes.

∙Asecondreasonoureconomyalwayshassomeunemploymentisminimum-wagelaws.Byraisingthewageofunskilledandinexperiencedworkersabovetheequilibriumlevel,minimum-wagelawsraisethequantityoflaborsuppliedandreducethequantitydemanded.Theresultingsurplusoflaborrepresentsunemployment.

∙Athirdreasonforunemploymentisthemarketpowerofunions.Whenunionspushthewagesinunionizedindustriesabovetheequilibriumlevel,theycreateasurplusoflabor.

∙Afourthreasonforunemploymentissuggestedbythetheoryofefficiencywages.Accordingtothistheory,firmsfinditprofitabletopaywagesabovetheequilibriumlevel.Highwagescanimproveworkerhealth,lowerworkerturnover,raiseworkerquality,andincreaseworkereffort.

CHAPTEROUTLINE:

I.Unemploymentcanbedividedintotwocategories.

A.Theeconomy’snaturalrateofunemploymentreferstotheamountofunemploymentthattheeconomynormallyexperiences.

B.Cyclicalunemploymentreferstotheyear-to-yearfluctuationsinunemploymentarounditsnaturalrate.

II.IdentifyingUnemployment

A.HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?

1.TheBureauofLaborStatistics（BLS）surveysabout60,000householdseverymonth.

2.TheBLSplaceseachadult（age16orolder）intooneofthreecategories:

employed,unemployed,ornotinthelaborforce.

Figure1

Askstudentswhichcategorytheyarein.Remindthemthattobeconsideredtobeunemployed,theymustbewithoutajobandlookingforwork.Manystudentsarenotinthelaborforce,butmayconsiderthemselvestobeunemployedsimplybecausetheydonothaveajob.Explaintostudentsthattheunemploymentrateisausefulstatisticbecauseitanswersthefollowingquestion:

Ofthoseintheeconomywhowanttowork,whatpercentagecannotfindajob?

3.Definitionoflaborforce:

thetotalnumberofworkers,includingboththeemployedandtheunemployed.

4.Definitionofunemploymentrate:

thepercentageofthelaborforcethatisunemployed.

5.Definitionoflabor-forceparticipationrate:

thepercentageoftheadultpopulationthatisinthelaborforce.

6.Example:

Datafrom2012.Inthatyear,therewere142.5millionemployedpeopleand12.5millionunemployedpeople.

a.LaborForce=142.5+12.5=155.0million.

b.UnemploymentRate=（12.5/155.0）×100=8.1%.

c.Becausetheadultpopulationwas243.3million,thelabor-forceparticipationratewas:

Labor-ForceParticipationRate=（155.0/243.3）×100=63.7%.

Makesurethatstu