人教版必修五练习答案及听力原文.docx

人教版必修五练习答案及听力原文.docx

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人教版必修五练习答案及听力原文

教材练习答案及听力原文

Unit1

WARMINGUP

Answers:

1Archimedes[,a:

ki'mi:

di:

z],AncientGreek（287-212BC）Hewasamathematician.Hefoundthatifyouputanobjectintowaterthewaterpushestheobjectup.Itrisesandpartlyfloats.Theforceofthewaterpushingitupisthesameastheweightoftheobject.

2CharlesDarwin,British（1808-1882）TheOriginofSpecieswaspublishedin1859.Itexplainedhowplantsandanimalshadchangedovertimetofitinwithachangingenvironment.Atthetimeitwaspublisheditwasverycontroversial.ManypeoplebelievedtheBiblewhenitsaidthatGodmadethefirsttwopeople（AdamandEve）andthatallotherpeoplecamefromthesetwo.Darwin’sbookshowedthatpeoplehaddevelopedfromapesinstead.Sothiscausedalotofargumentbetweenreligiousandscientificpeople.HoweverDarwin’sideabecameveryinfluentialandisstillacceptedtoday.

3ThomasNewcomen,British（1663-1729）HeimprovedthefirststeampumpbuiltbyThomasSaveryin1698andturneditintoasteamenginefortakingwateroutofminesin1712.JamesWattimproveditstillfurtherinthe1770sturningitintothefirstmodernsteamengineusedontherailways.

4GregorMendel,Czech（1822-1884）Hegrewpeaplantsanddevelopedideasonheredityandinheritedcharacteristics.Heconcentratedoncross-fertilisingpeaplantsandanalyzingtheresults.Between1856-1863hegrew28,000peaplants.Heexaminedsevenkindsofseedandplantcharacteristicsanddevelopedsomelawsofinheritance.Thefirstisthatinheritancefactorsdonotcombinebutarepassedtothenextgenerationintact.Second,hefoundthateachpartnergiveshalftheinheritedfactorstotheyoung.Third,someofthesefactorsshowupintheoffspring（andsoaredominant）.Theotherfactorsaremaskedbythedominantones（andsoarerecessive）.

5MarieCurie,PolishandFrench（1867-1934）ShewasborninPolandandcametostudyinFrancein1891andshelivedtherefortherestofherlife.In1898shediscoveredradium.ShereceivedtwoNobelprizes,one（withPierreCurie）forphysics（1903）andoneforchemistry（1911）.Sheistheonlypersontohavebeensohonoured.OnthedeathofherhusbandshetookoverhisjobattheSorbonneinParis.Herworkonradioactivityandthediscoveryofradiummeantthatshebegananewscientificareaofresearch.ShewasthefirstwomantoreceiveaNobelPrizeandthefirstwomantoteachattheSorbonne.

6ThomasEdison,American（1847-1931）Hewasalreadyaninventorofotherelectricaldevices（phonograph,electriclightbulb）whenin1882hedesignedasystemforprovidingNewYorkwithelectricityfromacentralpowerstation.Thiswasatremendousachievement,whichhadpreviouslybeenthoughtimpossible.

7LeonardodaVinci,Italian（1452-1519）Hewasafamousartistwhoseskillforshowinghumanskintonesmadehispaintingsseemtocomealive.Heusedtostudydeadpeopleinordertomakehispaintingsasaccurateaspossibile.Someofhisfamouspaintingsinclude“TheAdorationoftheMagi”andthe“TheLastSupper”.LaterinhislifehelivedinFrancewherehedesignedasubmarineandaflyingmachine.

8SirHumphryDavy,British（1778-1829）Hedidresearchintodifferentgasesanddiscoveredthemedicinalvalueofnitrousoxide（orlaughinggas）asananaesthetic.In1815hedevelopedasafetylampforminers.Previouslytherehadbeenmanyaccidentswhencandlesontheminers’helmetshadexplodedwhenitcameintocontactwithundergroundgasfromthecoaltheminersweredigging.Thesafetyhelmetmadeworkingundergroundverymuchsafer.

9ZhangHeng,Chinese（78-139）Heinventedthefirstseismographtoindicateinthedirectionofanearthquake.Itwasintheshapeofacylinderwitheightdragonheadsroundthetop,eachwithaballinitsmouth.Aroundthebottomwereeightfrogsdirectlyunderadragon’shead.Whenanearthquakeoccurred,aballfelloutofthedragon’smouth,makinganoise.

10StephenHawking,British（1942-）Hehasworkedinastronomyandstudiedblackholesinspace.Hehasshownthatblackholesdonotonlyabsorbeverythingaroundthembut,fromtimetotime,throwoutmatteraswell.Thismaymarkthebeginningofnewgalaxies.Thisisanadvanceontheoldtheorywhichsaidthatblackholes“eat”everythingtheycomeacross.

COMPREHENDING

AnswerkeyforExercise1:

1AnoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854.

2JohnSnowbegantotesttwotheories.

3JohnSnowinvestigatedtwostreetswheretheoutbreakwasverysevere.

4JohnSnowmarkedthedeathsonamap.

5Hefoundthatmostofthedeathswerenearawaterpump.

6Hehadthehandleremovedfromthewaterpump.

7Heannouncedthatthewatercarriedthedisease.

8KingCholerawasdefeated.

AnswerkeyforExercise2:

1JohnSnowfinallyprovedhisideabecausehefoundanoutbreakthatwasclearlyrelatedtocholera,collectedinfo