朗文英语听说教程2听力原文(免费).pdf

朗文英语听说教程2听力原文(免费).pdf

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LECTUREAUDIOSCRIPTSUNIT1WhatsinaName?

TEACHER:

Goodmorning,everybody.Goodmorning,Felipe,Monica,Theo,andIcantrememberyourname.STUDENT1:

Patricia.TEACHER:

Patricia,right,Patricia.Thoseareallbeautifulnames,andthatsourtopictoday-names.Namesareacultureuniversal.Thismeanseveryoneusesnames.Apersonsnamecantellusabitaboutapersonsfamily.Today,wellbeginbylookingatfirstnamesandhowpeoplechoosenamesfortheirchildren.Andthenwelltalkaboutfamilynames,andlookatthedifferentcategoriesoffamilynames.AlthoughthescopeofthelecturetodayisEnglish-languagenames,wecanusethesameapproach,youknow,tolookatnamesfromanyculture.Letstakeabrieflookatfirst,orgivennames.Thereareseveralwaysparentschoosethefirstnamefortheirchild.Thefirstwayisbyfamilyhistory.Parentsmaychooseanamebecauseitispassedfromgenerationtogeneration;forexample,thefirstbornsonmightbenamedafterhisfatherorgrandfather.Althoughfamilynamesarealsopassedtodaughters,itisusuallyasamiddlename.Addingjuniororthesecondforexample,WilliamParkerthesecondsonlydonewithboys,notwithgirlsnames.Thesecondwayparentschooseanameisafterafamilymemberorfriendwhohasdiedrecently,oraftersomeonetheyadmire,likeawell-knownleaderorafamousmusician.AlthoughmostEnglishfirstnamesmeansomething,forexample,Richardmeanspowerfuland“Annmeansgrace,nowadaysmeaningisnotthemainreasonpeopleselecttheirbabysname.Thethirdwayistoprovideapushforthechild.Parentswanttochooseanamethatsoundsverysuccessful.Astrongnamemighthelptheminthebusinessworld,forexample.Ortheymightchooseanamethatworksforeithergender,likeTaylororTerry.So,giventhesethreemethods,whatisthemostcommonwayparentschooseaname?

Manyparentschooseanamesimplybecausetheylikeit,orbecauseitsfashionableorclassic.Fashionsinnameschangejustastheydoinclothes.Onehundredyearsago,manynamescamefromtheBiblenamessuchasDaniel,andAnna,andHannahandMatthew.Thenfiftyyearsago,Biblicalnameswentoutoffashion.Nowadays,namesfromtheBiblearebecomingpopularagain.Similarly,parentsoftenchooseclassicnames,namesthatwerepopularin1900,1950,andarestillpopularnow.ClassicnamesforboysincludeThomas,David,Robert,andMichael.Andforgirls:

Anna,Elizabeth,Emily,andKatherine,justtonameafew.Theyreclassic.Theynevergooutofstyle.Letslookattheoriginoflastnames,alsocalledfamilynamesorsurnames.Researchershavestudiedthousandsoflastnames,andtheyvedividedthemintofourcategories.Thecategoriesare:

placenames,patronymics,addednames,andoccupationalnames.Arecentsurveyshowedthatofthe7,000mostpopularnamesintheUnitedStatestoday,43percentwereplacenames,32percentwerepatronymics,15percentwereoccupationalnames,and9percentwereaddednames.Thefirstcategoryisplacenames.Placenamesusuallyidentifiedwhereapersonlivedorworked.SomeonenamedJohnHilllivednearahill,forexample,andtheRiversfamilylivednearariver.IfyouhearthenameEmmaBridges,whatimagedoyousee?

Doyouseeafamilythatlivesnearabridge?

Ifyoudo,yougettheidea.Thesecondcategoryispatronymics.ThatsP-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S.Apatronymicisthefathersname,plusanendinglikeS-E-NorS-O-N.Theendingmeansthatachild,aboy,isthesonofhisfather.ThenamesRobertson,Petersen,andWilsonarepatronymics.RobertsonissonofRobert,PetersenissonofPeter,andsoon.Thethirdcategoryisaddednames.Linguistssometimescallthiscategorynicknames,butwhenmostofushearthewordnickname,wethinkofaspecialnameafriendoraparentmightuse.ThewordnicknameisactuallyanoldEnglishwordthatmeansanadditionalname,anaddedname.SoIllusethetermaddedname.Thiscategoryoflastnamesisfunbecausethenamesusuallydescribedaperson.Reed,Baldwin,andBiggsareexamples.Reedwasfromredforredhair.Baldwinwassomeonewhowasbald,someonewhohadlittleornohair.AndBiggs.STUDENT2:

Someonebig?

TEACHER:

Yeah,someonebig,right.Now,ifwelookaroundtheroom,wecouldprobablycomeupwithsomenewlastnames,like,uh.CurlyorStrong.Now,thefourthcategoryisoccupationalnames.Theoriginofthefamilynamewasthepersonsoccupation.ThemostcommonexamplesofoccupationalnamesstillusedtodayareBaker（someonewhobakesbread）.Tailor（someonewhosewsclothes）.Miller（someonewhomakesflourforbread）,andSmith.Now,SmithisactuallythemostcommonnameinthewesternEnglish-speakingworld.ThenamecomesfromanOldEnglishword,smite,thatsS-M-I-T-E,whichmeanstohitorstrike.Intheolddays,asmithmademetalthingsfordailylife,liketools.Everytownneededsmiths.WhatsinterestingisthatmanylanguageshaveafamilynamethatmeansSmith.InArabicitisHaddad,H-A-D-D-A-D.InSpanishitisHerrera,H-E-R-R-E-R-A.InItalianitisFer