全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题.pdf

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题.pdf

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12018考研英语

（一）真题及参考答案（完整版）考研英语

（一）真题及参考答案（完整版）SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,itsanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:

childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.4,whydowetrustatall?

Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:

InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“Whatsinhere?

”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,“Wow!

”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.AonBlikeCforDfrom2.AfaithBconcernCattentionDinterest3.AbenefitBdebtChopeDprice4.AThereforeBThenCInsteadDAgain5.AUntilBUnlessCAlthoughDWhen6.AselectsBproducesCappliesDmaintains7.AconsultBcompeteCconnectDcompare8.AatBbyCofDto9.AcontextBmoodCperiodDcircle10.AcounterpartsBsubstitutesCcolleaguesDsupporters11.AFunnyBLuckyCOddDIronic12.AmonitorBprotectCsurpriseDdelight13.AbetweenBwithinCtowardDover14.AtransferredBaddedCintroducedDentrusted215.AoutBbackCaroundDinside16.AdiscoveredBprovedCinsistedDremembered17.AbetrayedBwrongedCfooledDmocked18.AforcedBwillingChesitantDentitled19.AIncontrastBAsaresultCOnthewholeDForinstance20.AinflexibleBincapableCunreliableDunsuitableSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）Text1Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:

Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?

Dontdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredontappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineeringhavearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisnttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidntgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculumsfromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:

Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaventbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,3andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded: