AnOutlineofAmericanHistory美国历史纲要.docx

AnOutlineofAmericanHistory美国历史纲要.docx

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AnOutlineofAmericanHistory美国历史纲要

AnOutlineofAmericanHistory

Chaper1EarlyAmerica

•TheFirstAmericans

•Beringia

•TheFirstEuropeans:

•ThefirstEuropeanstoarriveinNorthAmerica--atleastthefirstforwhomthereissolidevidence--wereNorse,travelingwestfromGreenland.

•In1497,justfiveyearsafterChristopherColumbuslandedintheCaribbeanlookingforawesternroutetoAsia,aVenetiansailornamedJohnCabotarrivedinNewfoundlandonamissionfortheBritishking.Althoughfairlyquicklyforgotten,Cabot'sjourneywaslatertoprovidethebasisforBritishclaimstoNorthAmerica.ItalsoopenedthewaytotherichfishinggroundsoffGeorge'sBanks,towhichEuropeanfishermen,particularlythePortuguese,weresoonmakingregularvisits.

•AmongthemostsignificantearlySpanishexplorationswasthatofHernandoDeSoto,aveteranconquistadorwhohadaccompaniedFranciscoPizzaroduringtheconquestofPeru.

•WhiletheSpanishwerepushingupfromthesouth,thenorthernportionofthepresent-dayUnitedStateswasslowlybeingrevealedthroughthejourneysofmensuchasGiovannidaVerrazano.AFlorentinewhosailedfortheFrench,VerrazanomadelandfallinNorthCarolinain1524,thensailednorthalongtheAtlanticcoastpastwhatisnowNewYorkharbor.

•Adecadelater,theFrenchmanJacquesCartiersetsailwiththehope--liketheotherEuropeansbeforehim--offindingaseapassagetoAsia.Cartier'sexpeditionsalongtheSt.LawrenceRiverlaidthefoundationsfortheFrenchclaimstoNorthAmerica,whichweretolastuntil1763.

•FollowingthecollapseoftheirfirstQuebeccolonyinthe1540s,FrenchHuguenotsattemptedtosettlethenortherncoastofFloridatwodecadeslater.TheSpanish,viewingtheFrenchasathreattotheirtraderoutealongtheGulfStream,destroyedthecolonyin1565.Ironically,theleaderoftheSpanishforces,PedroMenendez,wouldsoonestablishatownnotfaraway--St.Augustine.ItwasthefirstpermanentEuropeansettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates.

•In1578HumphreyGilbert,theauthorofatreatiseonthesearchfortheNorthwestPassage,receivedapatentfromQueenElizabethtocolonizethe"heathenandbarbarouslandes"intheNewWorldwhichotherEuropeannationshadnotyetclaimed.Itwouldbefiveyearsbeforehiseffortscouldbegin.Whenhewaslostatsea,hishalf-brother,WalterRaleigh,tookupthemission.

•In1585RaleighestablishedthefirstBritishcolonyinNorthAmerica,onRoanokeIslandoffthecoastofNorthCarolina.Itwaslaterabandoned,andasecondefforttwoyearslateralsoprovedafailure.Itwouldbe20yearsbeforetheBritishwouldtryagain.Thistime--atJamestownin1607--thecolonywouldsucceed,andNorthAmericawouldenteranewera.

•MostEuropeanemigrantslefttheirhomelandstoescapepoliticaloppression,toseekthefreedomtopracticetheirreligion,orforadventureandopportunitiesdeniedthemathome.Between1620and1635,economicdifficultiessweptEngland.Manypeoplecouldnotfindwork.Evenskilledartisanscouldearnlittlemorethanabareliving.Poorcropyieldsaddedtothedistress.Inaddition,theIndustrialRevolutionhadcreatedaburgeoningtextileindustry,whichdemandedanever-increasingsupplyofwooltokeeptheloomsrunning.

•Landlordsenclosedfarmlandsandevictedthepeasantsinfavorofsheepcultivation.Colonialexpansionbecameanoutletforthisdisplacedpeasantpopulation.

•Majesticrivers--theKennebec,Hudson,Delaware,Susquehanna,Potomacandnumerousothers--linkedlandsbetweenthecoastandtheAppalachianMountainswiththesea.

•Onlyoneriver,however,theSt.Lawrence--dominatedbytheFrenchinCanada--offeredawaterpassagetotheGreatLakesandintotheheartofthecontinent.Denseforests,theresistanceofsomeIndiantribesandtheformidablebarrieroftheAppalachianMountainsdiscouragedsettlementbeyondthecoastalplain.Onlytrappersandtradersventuredintothewilderness.Forthefirsthundredyearsthecolonistsbuilttheirsettlementscompactlyalongthecoast.

•PoliticalconsiderationsinfluencedmanypeopletomovetoAmerica.Inthe1630s,arbitraryrulebyEngland's

CharlesIgaveimpetustothemigrationtotheNewWorld.ThesubsequentrevoltandtriumphofCharles'opponentsunderOliverCromwellinthe1640sledmanycavaliers--"king'smen"--tocasttheirlotinVirginia.

•IntheGerman-speakingregionsofEurope,theoppressivepoliciesofvariouspettyprinces--particularlywithregardtoreligion--andthedevastationcausedbyalongseriesofwarshelpedswellthemovementtoAmericainthelate17thand18thcenturies.

•Incontrasttothecolonizationpoliciesofothercountriesandotherperiods,theemigrationfromEnglandwasnotdirectlysponsoredbythegovernmentbutbyprivategroupsofindividualswhosechiefmotive