学术英语写作.pptx

学术英语写作.pptx

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学术英语写作Chapter1IntroductionChapter2ResearchingtheTopicChapter3DataCollectionandEvaluationChapter4WritingStyleChapter5PaperWritingChapter6AbstractChapter7InternationalConferenceChapter8LettersforDifferentAcademicPurposesChapter1Introduction1.1DefinitionofAcademicWriting-tosummarizeorsynthesizeinformationandideasgatheredfromresearch-toexplain,compareandcontrast,evaluate,oranalyzeconcepts,events,andphenomenon-toarguefororagainstapositioninanongoingdebate1.2CharacteristicsofGoodAcademicWritingForallwritings:

-Unity:

aharmoniouswhole-Coherence:

wellconnected,logicalrelations-Emphasis:

stresstoimportantideas-Development:

elaborationandexpansion-Clarity:

precise,concise,lucidForAcademicWriting:

-Itisbasedonextensiveresearchofprovedfactsandauthoritativetestimony.first-handexperimentsfieldresearchlibraryresearch-Theauthorsvoicetendstobeobjectiveandneutral.unemotional-Thestyletendstobeformal.academicperiodicals,accurateinformation-Appropriatediction.colloquialismsandslangexpressionsbeavoided,technicalterms,abbreviation-Syntacticallevel.longcomplexsentence,simple-presenttense,passivevoice,non-finiteverbs（participles,infinitives,gerunds）-Neatappearanceandformat.1.3DifferencesbetweenthepaperspublishedinsideandoutsideChina1.3.1PaperspublishedinChinaChineseandEnglishtitles,ChineseandEnglishabstract,ChineseandEnglishkeywords,Thebody,References,Appendix,Informationabouttheauthor1.3.2PaperspublishedoutsideChinaTitle,Abstract,Introduction,Thebody,Conclusionsandrecommendations,Acknowledgement,References,Appendix1.4ProceduresofAcademicWritingStep1:

ChoiceofTopicChooseageneraltopicWritearoughproposalLimitthetopictoaplausibleoneStep2:

CollectionandEvaluationofDataCollectbooks,journalsandresearcharticlesEvaluatedatacollectedPhotocopydataPreparenoteandbibliographycardsStep3:

DevelopmentofOutlineDecideonorganizationofpaperArrangenotesbysubheadingsDeveloppaperoutlineStep4:

WritingStudyandfollowoutlineforfirstdraftMakeadjustmentsasneededStep5:

Revision,EditingandReferencesRevisecontentandorganizationAdjuststyleandtoneCorrectdiction,spelling,grammar,punctuationasnecessaryDocumentallthesourcesquotedStep6:

PreparationofAbstractObserveabstractwordlimitEnsureaccuracy,brevityandclarityStep7:

PreparationofFinalDetailsAssembleallpartsMakefinalrevisionPrepareReferencessectionWriteacknowledgementsChapter2ResearchingtheTopic1.PrinciplesofTitleSelection-ValuePrinciple-ScientificPrinciple-InnovativePrinciple-FeasibilityPrinciple2.MethodsforChoosingaTitle-Consultyourprofessororanexpert-Participateinacademicconferencesandacademiclectures-Selectfrompuzzlingproblems-Readbooksandnewspapers-Choosefromyourowninterests-Literaturereview2.3WaystoNarrowDownTitlesExample:

LiteratureLiteraryCriticismLiteraryCriticismatCambridgeTheTraditionandDevelopmentofLiteraryCriticismatCambridgeExercise:

Humanities2.4FormatsforTitleExamples:

1）OSCILLATIONSINGRANULARDYNAMICS2）StructuralAnalysesBasedonaPointChargeModel3）Fastatombombardmentmassspectraofnebramycinwithin15words4）CoronaryArteryDisease:

DietandpatientHealth2.5TablesandFigures2.5.1Tables-Atableshouldbeself-contained.-Atableisusuallyplacedinapositionnearitsrelevantdescription.-Provideeachtablewithanumber（eg:

Table1,Table2,etc.）andatitle.-Thetitleshouldbeclear,concise,completeandaccurate.-Sometimesanoteisaddedatthebottomofthetable.Example:

Table2-6Correlationbetweenvariables1234567Gender.Age.Urgency.Sensation.Commissions.PIindex.*Note:

.2.Figures1.Graphs-canbeusedtocomparetwovariables2.DrawingsandPhotographs-toillustrateorganisms,experimentalapparatus,modelsofstructures,etc.3.Typesoffigures1）Linecharts2）Barcharts3）Piecharts2.6CauseandEffect2.6.1Cause-EffectParagraphDevelopmentPattern:

Effect1CauseEffect2Effect32.6.2Effect-CauseParagraphDevelopmentPattern:

EffectCause1Cause2Cause3Exercise1:

Analyzethestructureofthisparagraphandtrytodeterminetheeffectanditscauses.Thenfindthelinkingwordsintheparagraph.Theroleofwomenintodayssocietyischanging.Onereasonisthatwomenhavebeguntoassertthemselvesasindependentpeoplethroughthewomensmovement.Also,womenareawareofthealternativestostayingathome.Anotherreasonisthatincreasingnumbersofwomenwhoenternewfieldsandinterestsserveasrolemodelsforotherwomen.Moreover,menarebecomingmoreconsciousoftheabilitiesofwomenandhavebeguntoviewtheirindependencepositively.Exercise2:

Combinethefollowingtwosentencesexpressingthecause-and-effectrelationship.1）Heescapedfromhisorphanage.Hewasdistressedbythebrutalconditionsthere.2）HehadaroughlifeinMoscow.Hehadnofamilytoturnto.3）Hewasnoteasilytobecaptured.Hehadlearnednottotrustadults.Chapter3DataCollectionandEvaluation1.PrinciplesofDataCollectionandselection1.Centeredaroundthetheme2.Trueandverifiable（可证实的）3.Typical4.Novel2.DevelopinganOutline1.TwoMainComponentsforEffectiveOutlines1.ParallelismExample:

.ChooseDesiredColleges.PrepareApplication.CompileResume2.SubordinationExample:

.DescribeaninfluentialpersoninyourlifeA.FavoritehighschoolteacherB.Grandparent3.TypesofOutlines1.Alphanumeric（由字母数字组成的）Outlines-RomanNumerals-CapitalizedLetters-ArabicNumerals-SmallLetters-ArabicNumeralswithinBrackets-SmallLetterswithinBracketsExample:

TheCollegeApplicationProcessI.ChooseDesiredCollegesA.VisitandevaluatecollegecampusesB.Visitandevaluatecollegewebsites1.lookforinterestingclasses2.Noteimportantstatisticsa.Student/facultyratiob.RetentionrateII.PrepareApplicationA.WritePersonalStatement1.Chooseinterestingtopica.Describeaninfluentialpersoninyourlife

（1）Favoritehighschoolteacher

（2）Grandparent2.Includeimportantpersonaldetailsa.Volunteerworkb.ParticipationinvarsitysportsB.RevisepersonalstatementIII.CompileresumeA.ListrelevantcourseworkB.ListworkexperienceC.listvolunteerexperience1.tutoratforeignlanguagesummercamp2.counselorforsuicidepreventionhotline3.3.2FullSentenceOutlinesExample:

I.Man-madepollutionistheprimarycauseofglobalwarming.A.Greenhousegasemissionsarewidelyidentifiedasharmfulbythescientificcommunity.1.Theburningofcoalandfossilfuelsaretheprimaryreleasersofhazardousgreenhousegases.3.3.3Decimal（十进位的；小数的）OutlinesExample:

1.ChooseDesiredCollege1.Visitandevaluatecollegecampuses2.Visitandevaluatecollegewebsites1.Lookforinterestingclasses2.NoteimportantstatisticsExercise:

Supposeyouhavechosenatopicandfoundenoughdatatowriteyourpaper,nowwriteanoutlineforyourpaper.3.4ComparisonandContrastTwoWaysforOrganizingComparisonandContrast-Subject-by-subject-Point-by-pointExample:

Subjects1.Prof.Simmons2.Prof.WuPointsofC&Ca.classroominstructionb.homeworkc.examd.gradinga.classroominstructionb.homeworkc.examd.gradingPointsofC&Ca.classroominstructionb.homeworkc.examd.gradingSubjects1.Prof.Simmons2.Prof.Wu1.Prof.Simmons2.Prof.Wu1.Prof.Simmons2.Prof.Wu1.Prof.Simmons2.Prof.WuExercise:

-Prosandconsofglobalization-PositiveandnegativeaspectsoflivinginalargecityChapter4WritingStyle1.Citation1.In-TextCitation1.Oneauthor

（1）Enzymesareinhibitedbycyanide（Grubb,1977）.Becauseenzymesareinhibitedbycyanide（Grubb1977）,Iexpecttofind

（2）Grubb（1977）foundthatcyanideinhibitsenzymes.BecauseGrubb（1977）foundthatcyanideinhibitsenzymes（3）Asearlyas1977,Grubbobservedtheinhibitoryeffectofcyanideonenzymeaction.2.Morethanonestudy

（1）Cyanidehasbeenfoundtoinhibitenzymeaction（Grubb,1977;Smith,1980;Taylor,1983）3.Morethanthreeauthors

（1）Cyanidehasbeenfoundtoinhibitenzymeaction（Grubbetal.,1985）.4.4.1.4Somejournalsjustcitethesequenceofthereferencesinthetextinordertosavespace.

（1）Vibrationisusedtoprepareuniformgranularmixturesortosegregategranularcomposites3,7,12,16,19.Alongsidemixingandsegregationofgranularmaterials2.References1.APA（AmericanPsychologicalAssociation）style:

socialsciencesPrintSources:

-Bookbyoneauthor:

#Sheril,R.D.（1956）.Theterrifyingfuture:

contemplatingcolortelevision.SanDiego:

Halstead.-Bookbytwoauthorsormore:

#Rubin,J.,&Thompson,I.（1994）.Howtobeamoresuccessfullanguageteacher.2nded.Boston:

Heinle&Heinle.-Articleinajournal:

#Crackton,P.（1987）.TheLoonie:

Godslong-awaitedgifttocolorfulpocketchange?

CanadianChange,64（7）,34-37.Electronicsources:

-Articleinanonlinejournal:

#Blofeld,E.S.（1994,March1）.ExpressingoneselfthroughPersiancatsandmodernarchitecture.Felines&Felons,4,Article0046g.RetrievedOctober3,1999,fromhttp:

/journals.f+f.org/spectre/vblofeld-0046g.html-BookonCD:

#Nix,G.（2002）.Lirael,DaughteroftheClayr【CD】.NewYork:

RandomHouse/Listeninglibrary.-Movie:

#Gilby,A.（Producer）,&Schlesinger,J.（Director）.（1995）.Coldcomfortfarm【Motionpicture】.Universalcity,CA:

MCAUniversalHomeVideo.4.2.2MLA（ModernLanguageAssociation）style:

liberalartsandhumanitiesPrintSources:

-Bookbyoneauthor:

#Bambrough,Renford.ThePhilosophyofAristotle.NewYork:

TheNewAmericanLibrary,1963.-Bookbytwoorthreeauthors:

#Atwan,Robert,donaldMcquade,andJohnWright.Edsels,Luckies,andFrifidaires:

AdvertisingtheAmericanWay.NewYork:

Dell,1979.-Bookbyfourormoreauthors:

#Belenky,MaryField,etal.WomensWaysofKnowing:

theDevelopmentofSelf,Voice,andMind.NewYork:

Basic,1986.-Articleinajournal:

#Maguire,JamesH.“TheCanonandtheDiminishedThing.”AmericanLiterature60（1988）:

645-52.Electronicsources:

-Articleinanonlinejournal:

#Rogers,Michael.“ThePracticalFuturist:

TheSecretofOnlineRomance.”NewsweekNewsweekWebExclusive（October,2002）.28Dec.,2002http:

/nl.Newsbank.Com/nl-