哥达纲领批判英文版.doc

哥达纲领批判英文版.doc

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EconomicWorksofKarlMarx1857-61

OutlinesoftheCritiqueofPoliticalEconomy

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Written:

1857-61;

Published:

inGerman1939-41;

Source:

Penguin1973;

Translatedby:

MartinNicolaus;

Scannedby:

TimDelaney,1997;

HTMLMark-up:

AndyBlunden,2002.

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MarxwrotethishugemanuscriptaspartofhispreparationforwhatwouldbecomeAContributiontotheCritiqueofPoliticalEconomy（publishedin1859）andCapital（published1867）.

SovietMarxologistsreleasedseveralnever-before-seenMarx/Engelsworksinthe1930s.Mostwereearlyworks–liketheEconomicandPhilosophicalManuscripts–buttheGrundrissestoodaloneasissuingforthfromthemostintenseperiodofMarx’sdecade-long,in-depthstudyofeconomics.Itisanextremelyrichandthought-provokingwork,showingsignsofhumanismandtheinfluenceofHegeliandialecticmethod.Donote,though,Marxdidnotintenditforpublicationasis,soitcanbestylisticallyveryroughinplaces.

Theseriesofsevennotebookswererough-draftedbyMarx,chieflyforpurposesofself-clarification,duringthewinterof1857-8.Themanuscriptbecamelostincircumstancesstillunknownandwasfirsteffectivelypublished,intheGermanoriginal,in1953.AlimitededitionwaspublishedbyForeignLanguagePublishersinMoscowintwovolumes,1939and1941respectively,undertheeditorshipoftheMarx-Engels-LeninInstitute,Moscow.Thefirstvolumecontainedtheintroductionandthesevennotebookstranslatedhere.ThesecondaddedfragmentsfromMarx’s1851notebooksofexcerptsfromRicardo,thefragment‘BastiatandCarey’（alsoincludedinthistranslation）,andmiscellaneousrelatedmaterial;alsoextensiveannotationsandsources.Aphoto-offsetreprintofthetwovolumesboundinone,minusillustrationsandfacsimiles,wasissuedbyDietzVerlag,Berlin（E.）,in1953,andisthebasisofthepresenttranslation.ItisreferredtohereafterasGrundrisse.Rosdolskystatesthatonlythreeorfourcopiesofthe1939-41editioneverreached‘thewesternworld’.

TheonlineeditionhasbeentranscribedforMEIAfromthePenguinedition,transl.MartinNicolaus,1973,usedbypermissionofthetranslator.Transcribedandmarked-upbyTimDelaney.

Text：

KarlMarx’sOutlineoftheCritiqueofPoliticalEconomy（Grundrisse）

1.Production,Consumption,Distribution,Exchange（Circulation）

（1）PRODUCTION

IndependentIndividuals.Eighteenth-centuryIdeas.

Theobjectbeforeus,tobeginwith,materialproduction.

IndividualsproducinginSociety–hencesociallydeterminedindividualproduction–is,ofcourse,thepointofdeparture.Theindividualandisolatedhunterandfisherman,withwhomSmithandRicardobegin,belongsamongtheunimaginativeconceitsoftheeighteenth-centuryRobinsonades,[1]whichinnowayexpressmerelyareactionagainstover-sophisticationandareturntoamisunderstoodnaturallife,asculturalhistoriansimagine.AslittleasRousseau’scontratsocial,whichbringsnaturallyindependent,autonomoussubjectsintorelationandconnectionbycontract,restsonsuchnaturalism.Thisisthesemblance,themerelyaestheticsemblance,oftheRobinsonades,greatandsmall.Itis,rather,theanticipationof‘civilsociety’,inpreparationsincethesixteenthcenturyandmakinggiantstridestowardsmaturityintheeighteenth.Inthissocietyoffreecompetition,theindividualappearsdetachedfromthenaturalbondsetc.whichinearlierhistoricalperiodsmakehimtheaccessoryofadefiniteandlimitedhumanconglomerate.SmithandRicardostillstandwithbothfeetontheshouldersoftheeighteenth-centuryprophets,inwhoseimaginationsthiseighteenth-centuryindividual–theproductononesideofthedissolutionofthefeudalformsofsociety,ontheothersideofthenewforcesofproductiondevelopedsincethesixteenthcentury–appearsasanideal,whoseexistencetheyprojectintothepast.Notasahistoricresultbutashistory’spointofdeparture.AstheNaturalIndividualappropriatetotheirnotionofhumannature,notarisinghistorically,butpositedbynature.Thisillusionhasbeencommontoeachnewepochtothisday.Steuart[2]avoidedthissimple-mindednessbecauseasanaristocratandinantithesistotheeighteenthcentury,hehadinsomerespectsamorehistoricalfooting.

Themoredeeplywegobackintohistory,themoredoestheindividual,andhencealsotheproducingindividual,appearasdependent,asbelongingtoagreaterwhole:

inastillquitenaturalwayinthefamilyandinthefamilyexpandedintotheclan[Stamm];thenlaterinthevariousformsofcommunalsocietyarisingoutoftheantithesesandfusionsoftheclan.Onlyintheeighteenthcentury,in‘civilsociety’,dothevariousformsofsocialconnectednessconfronttheindividualasameremeanstowardshisprivatepurposes,asexternalnecessity.Buttheepochwhichproducesthisstandpoint,thatoftheisolatedindividual,isalsopreciselythatofthehithertomostdevelopedsocial（fromthisstandpoint,general）relations.ThehumanbeingisinthemostliteralsenseaZwonpolitikon[3]notmerelyagregariousanimal,butananimalwhichcanindividuateitselfonlyinthemidstofsociety.Productionbyanisolatedindividualoutsidesociety–arareexceptionwhichmaywelloccurwhenacivilizedpersoninwhomthesocialforcesarealreadydynamicallypresentiscastbyaccidentintothewilderness–isasmuchofanabsurdityasisthedevelopmentoflanguagewithoutindividualslivingtogetherandtalkingtoeachother.Thereisnopointindwellingonthisanylonger.Thepointcouldgoentirelyunmentionedifthistwaddle,whichhadsenseandreasonfortheeighteenth-centurycharacters,hadnotbeenearnestlypulledbackintothecentreofthemostmoderneconomicsbyBastiat,[4]Carey,[5]Proudhonetc.OfcourseitisaconvenienceforProudhonetal.tobeabletogiveahistorico-philosophicaccountofthesourceofaneconomicrelation,ofwhosehistoricoriginsheisignorant,byinventingthemyththatAdamorPrometheusstumbledontheideaready-made,andthenitwasadopted,etc.Nothingismoredryandboringthanthefantasiesofalocuscommunis.[6]

Eternalizationofhistoricrelationsofproduction–Productionanddistributioningeneral.–Property

Wheneverwespeakofproduction,then,whatismeantisalwaysproductionatadefinitestageofsocialdevelopment–productionbysocialindividuals.Itmightseem,therefore,thatinordertotalkaboutproductionatallwemusteitherpursuetheprocessofhistoricdevelopmentthroughitsdifferentphases,ordeclarebeforehandthatwearedealingwithaspecifichistoricepochsuchase.g.modernbourgeoisproduction,whichisindeedourparticulartheme.However,allepochsofproductionhavecertaincommontraits,commoncharacteristics.Productioningeneralisanabstraction,butarationalabstractioninsofarasitreallybringsoutandfixesthecommonelementandthussavesusrepetition.Still,thisgeneralcategory,thiscommonelementsiftedoutbycomparison,isitselfsegmentedmanytimesoverandsplitsintodifferentdeterminations.Somedeterminationsbelongtoallepochs,othersonlytoafew.[Some]determinationswillbesharedbythemostmodernepochandthemostancient.Noproductionwillbethinkablewithoutthem;howevereventhoughthemostdevelopedlanguageshavelawsandcharacteristicsincommonwiththeleastdeveloped,nevertheless,justthosethingswhichdeterminetheirdevelopment,i.e.theelementswhicharenotgeneralandcommon,mustbeseparatedoutfromthedeterminationsvalidforproductionassuch,sothatintheirunity–whicharisesalreadyfromtheidentityofthesubject,humanity,andoftheobject,nature–theiressentialdifferenceisnotforgotten.Thewholeprofundityofthosemoderneconomistswhodemonstratetheeternityandharmoniousnessoftheexistingsocialrelationsliesinthisforgetting.Forexample.Noproductionpossiblewithoutaninstrumentofproduction,evenifthisinstrumentisonlythehand.Noproductionwithoutstored-up,pastlabour,evenifitisonlythefacilitygatheredtogetherandconcentratedinthehandofthesavagebyrepeatedpractice.Capitalis,amongotherthings,alsoaninstrumentofproduction,alsoobjectified,pastlabour.Thereforecapitalisageneral,eternalrelationofnature;thatis,ifIleaveoutjustthespecificqualitywhichalonemakes‘instrumentofproduction’and‘stored-uplabour’intocapital.TheentirehistoryofproductionrelationsthusappearstoCarey,forexample,asamaliciousforgeryperpetratedbygovernments.

Ifthereisnoproductioningeneral,thenthereisalsonogeneralproduction.Productionisalwaysaparticularbranchofproduction–e.g.agriculture,cattle-raisingmanufacturesetc.–oritisatotality.Butpoliticaleconomyisnottechnology.Therelationofthegeneralcharacteristicsofproductionatagivenstageofsocialdevelopmenttotheparticularformsofproductiontobedevelopedelsewhere（later）.Lastly,productionalsoisnotonlyaparticularproduction.Rather,itisalwaysacertainsocialbody,asocialsubject,whichisactiveinagreaterorsparsertotalityofbranchesofproduction.Nordoestherelationshipbetweenscientificpresentationandtherealmovementbelonghereyet.Productioningeneral.Particularbranchesofproduction.Totalityofproduction.

Itisthefashiontoprefaceaworkofeconomicswithageneralpart–andpreciselythispartfiguresunderthetitle‘production’（seeforexampleJ.St.Mill）[7]–treatingofthegeneralpreconditionsofallproduction.Thisg