漫谈英语写作技巧.pptx

漫谈英语写作技巧.pptx

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英语漫谈才欢迎光临写作写作构思顺序写作构思顺序遣词造句布局谋篇谋篇谋篇11、明确体裁、明确体裁22、审定主题、审定主题33、保持切题、保持切题1.Descriptive1.DescriptiveNarrativeNarrativeArgumentativeArgumentative2.Theme2.Theme3.Relevance3.Relevance11、学会分段（三分法）、学会分段（三分法）布局布局22、保持内容的统一与连贯、保持内容的统一与连贯33、确定话题句、确定话题句44、循“序”展开段落、循“序”展开段落3-division3-divisionStructureStructureUnityandUnityandCoherenceCoherenceTopicSentencesTopicSentencesOrderOrder55、重视开头与结尾重视开头与结尾BeginningBeginningAndEndingAndEnding造句造句11、避免错误的结构形式、避免错误的结构形式GrammarGrammarMotherTongueTransferMotherTongueTransfer22、模仿地道的表达法、模仿地道的表达法ImitationImitationMechanicalTranslationMechanicalTranslation33、做到句式多样化、做到句式多样化VarietyofVarietyofSentencePatternsSentencePatterns遣词遣词11、辨明同义词语的差异、辨明同义词语的差异ShadesofShadesofSemanticDifferenceSemanticDifference22、防止用词错误防止用词错误GrammaticalandGrammaticalandIdiomaticUseIdiomaticUseHowtoMakeaGoodBeginningHowtoMakeaGoodBeginningWellbegunishalfdone.Gainattentionandinterest引起注意和兴趣importance,surprise,curiosity,relevance,questions,etc.Revealthetopic展示讲题clearandtothepointEstablishcredibility增加可信度knowledge,experience,sincerity,etc.Previewthebody预览主要内容definition,background,mainideas,etc.GainingAttentionandInterestIreallyfeelobligedtowriteaboutalcoholism（酗酒）,becausethisdreaddiseaseisournationsnumberoneproblemandournumberthreekiller,rankingonlyafterheartdiseaseandcancerasacauseofdeathStatingtheImportanceofYourtopic.GainingAttentionandInterestLastweekamanwhomyouallhaveheardofbeataninnocenthumanbeingsenseless（把一个无辜的人打得昏厥过去）.Hundredsofpeoplewatchedhimdoit,butnoonetriedtostophim.Hedidntdoitinself-defense,oroutofhateorrevenge.Hediditformoney.Surprisetheaudience.Themanisaprofessionalboxer.GainingAttentionandInterestEachofyouhasagift.Whatkindofgiftisit?

ItsnotaChristmasgiftorabirthdaygift.Itsnotsomespecialtalentorskill.Itsagiftthatcouldsavealifemaybemorethanone.Ifyoudecidetogiveit,youlosenothing.Somepeopleburytheirgift.Othersburnit.Allbutoneofyouwhocompletedmyquestionnairewouldgladlyreceivethegift,butonly20percentofyouhavedecidedtogiveit.Thisgiftisthedonationofyourvitalorgans（捐献重要器官）whenyoudie.Arousethecuriosityofyouraudience.GainingAttentionandInterestThefortunatepeopleintheworldtheonlyfortunatepeopleintheworld,inmymindarethosewhoseworkisalsotheirpleasure.Theclassisnotalargeone,notnearlysolargeasitisoftenrepresentedtobe.Authorsareperhapsoneofthemostimportantelementsinitscomposition.WinstonChurchillRelatethetopictotheaudience.GainingAttentionandInterestWhatwasthefirstthingyoudidwhenyouwokeupthismorning?

Didyoubrushyourteeth?

Turnontheradio?

Gropeforacupofcoffee?

Afriendofminedidntdoanyofthosethings.Instead,hegrabbedthepaperandpenlyingnexttohisbedandwrotedowneverythinghecouldrememberabouthisdreams.Questiontheaudience.EstablishcredibilityNeverinthehistoryofsportshastherebeenaleisure-timephenomenonmorestrikingthantherecentAmericanloveaffairwiththegameoftennis.Itisestimatedthatover35millionAmericansplaytennisandthatthenumberisstillgrowing.Iamoneofthose35millionAmericans.Ihavebeenplayingtennisforalmosttenyears.WhileinhighschoolsIplayedcompetitivetennis.Ialsotaughttennisandworkedinatennisclub.Knowledge,experienceandsincerity.HowtoMakeaGoodEndingHowtoMakeaGoodEnd“Greatistheartofbeginning,butgreateristheartofending.”LongfellowSignaltheend发出结束信号crescendo（climax）,diminuendo（fadingaway）渐强、渐弱Reinforcethecentralidea强化中心思想summary,quotation,dramaticstatement,referringtotheintroduction,etc.总结、引言、惊人之语、呼应开头等SignaltheEndWhenweallowfreedomtoringwhenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycitywewillbeabletospeedupthatdaywhenallofGodschildren,blackmenandwhitemen,JewsandGentiles,ProtestantsandCatholics,willbeabletojoinhandsandsinginthewordsoftheoldNegrospiritual,“Freeatlast!

Freeatlast!

ThankGodalmighty,wearefreeatlast!

”MartinLutherKingCrescendoclimaxSignaltheEndAndsoIaskyoutorememberthestarvingandneglectedandfrightenedchildrenaroundtheworld.Rememberthemasyougoaboutyourdailylife,comfortableandsafe.Rememberthemwhenyoucurlup（蜷卧）underyourdowncomforter（羽绒被）onacoldwinternight.RememberthemwhenyousitdowntoahugeThanksgivingdinner（感恩节晚宴）.Rememberthem.Diminuendo:

Anti-climaxReinforcetheCentralIdeaMyfriendisbackinschool,participatinginactivitiessheneverdidbeforeandenjoyingit.Imhappyandproudtosaysheisstillfightingforherlifeandevenhappiershefailedtokillherself.OtherwiseIwouldnotbeheretodaytryingtohelpyou.Yousee,Iammy“friend”,andImmorethangladtosay,Ivemadeit.Makeadramaticstatement.ReinforcetheCentralIdeaIslifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery（以受束缚、被奴役为代价）?

Forbidit,AlmightyGod!

Idonotknowwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemeliberty,orgivemedeath.（不自由，毋宁死）Makeadramaticstatement.ReinforcetheCentralIdeaIfweignoreairpollution,itwillloomeverlarger（变得更为严重）.InthewordsofMorrisJones,aprofessorofairpollutioncontrol,“Itisnowtimetoendthisplague（祸患）.Itistimetolookbeyondnarrowvestedinterests（既得利益）,toawakefromslumberingtoolong（从沉睡中醒来）andsaveourselves.Wehadbetteractnow.Itwillsoonbetoolate.”Endwithaquotation.ReinforcetheCentralIdeaBeginning:

IamspeakingnotasaBriton,notasaEuropean,notasamemberofawesterndemocracy,butasahumanbeing,amemberofthespeciesMan,whosecontinuedexistenceisindoubt.Theworldisfullofconflicts.Ending:

Iappeal,asahumanbeingtohumanbeings:

rememberyourhumanity,andforgettherest.Ifyoucandoso,thewayliesopentoanewParadise;ifyoucannot,nothingliesbeforeyoubutuniversaldeath.BertrandRussellRefertothebeginning.英语语篇思维模式英语语篇思维模式EnglishTextualPatternsofThinking英语语篇思维模式主要有以下三种：

英语语篇思维模式主要有以下三种：

1.1.问题解决型（问题解决型（Problem-SolutionPatternProblem-SolutionPattern）2.2.一般特殊型（一般特殊型（General-ParticularGeneral-Particular）3.3.比较匹配型比较匹配型（MatchingPattern）（MatchingPattern）1.1.问题解决型（问题解决型（Problem-SolutionProblem-SolutionPatternPattern）顺序：

（1）说明情况；

（2）出现问题；（3）作出反应；（4）结果或评价。

Iwassendingatelegramtoafriendofmine.（情况）（情况）IfoundIdidnthaveenoughmoneytopayforit.（问题）（问题）Itooktwoimportantwordsoffmytelegram.（反应）（反应）IfinallysentthetelegrambutIwasunhappy.（结果（结果/评价）评价）2.2.一般特殊型（一般特殊型（General-ParticularGeneral-Particular）表现形式：

表现形式：

（11）先概括后举例）先概括后举例（Generalization-Example）（Generalization-Example）

（2）先给整体轮廓，后加具体细节（Preview-Detail）（Preview-Detail）3.3.比较匹配型比较匹配型（MatchingPattern）（MatchingPattern）这种思维模式经常被用来比较两个事这种思维模式经常被用来比较两个事物的异同，通过比较突出语篇的中心思想物的异同，通过比较突出语篇的中心思想。

各种文体的写作要点描写文的写作要点描写文的写作要点按描写对象分：

人物描写（Describingaperson）地点或场景描写（Describingaplaceorascene）物品描写（Describinganobject）图表描写（Describingapicture,agraphorachart）按描写方法分：

白描（Straightforwarddescription）工笔（Meticulousdescription）主观描写（Subjectivedescription）客观描写（Objectivedescription）叙述文的写作要点叙述文的写作要点确定宗旨确定宗旨（Decidingonanaimtobeattainedora（Decidingonanaimtobeattainedoramessagetobeconveyed）messagetobeconveyed）交代背景交代背景（Providingthesettingoftheaction,（Providingthesettingoftheaction,namelytime,placeandcharacters）namelytime,placeandcharacters）安排结构安排结构（Organizingthenarration,usuallyin（Organizingthenarration,usuallyinchronologicalorderorbycreatingchronologicalorderorbycreatingsuspension）suspension）形成高潮形成高潮（Reachingaclimax,usuallythrough（Reachingaclimax,usuallythroughconflicts）conflicts）保持视角保持视角（Maintainingaconsistentpointof（Maintainingaconsistentpointofview,view,thatis,narratingfromthethatis,narratingfromtheperspectiveperspectiveofoneparticularperson,ofoneparticularperson,usuallytheusuallytheauthor）author）议论文的写作要点议论文的写作要点正确鲜明的论点（Asoundandclear-cutproposition）充分有力的论据（Sufficientandforcibledata）逻辑严密的论证（Logicalandconvincingargumentation）归纳法（Induction,reasoningfromspecifictogeneral）演绎法（Deduction,reasoningfromgeneraltospecific）比较法（Comparison,reasoningfromspecifictospecific）三分法结构三分法结构3-divisionStructure布局三分法的实际运用布局三分法的实际运用

（1）Title:

BetterUnderstandingBetweenParentandChildOpeningsentence:

NowadaysthereisoftenamisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildOutline:

1.Presentsituation:

lackofcommunicationbetweenparentandchild2.PossiblereasonsDifferentlikesanddislikesMisunderstandingOthers3.SuggestionsForparentsForchildren布局三分法的实际运用布局三分法的实际运用

（2）Title:

OnMakingFriendsOpeningsentence:

Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.Outline:

1.Theneedforfriends2.TrueFriendship3.MyPrincipleinmakingfriends布局三分法的实际运用布局三分法的实际运用（3）Title:

GoodHealthOpeningsentence:

Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.Outline:

1.Importanceofgoodhealth2.Waystokeepfit3.Myownpractice布局三分法的实际运用布局三分法的实际运用（4）Title:

WheretoLiveintheCityorintheCountryOpeningsentence:

Manypeopleappreciatetheconvenienceofthecity.Outline:

1.Advantagesofeach2.Disadvantagesofeach3.MypreferenceNativeLanguageTransferTwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer（负迁移）Errorsarisefromanalogy.类推会产生错误。

PositiveTransfer（正迁移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.分析能减少错误。

KeenawarenessofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagescanfacilitateFLlearning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。

NegativeTransfer（负迁移）:

Interference（干扰）Causes:

analogicaluseofonespriorknowledgeofthemothertongue母语先知结构的类推运用scantyknowledgeofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages对两种语言的差异所知甚少unconsciousfallingbackonthemothertonguespeechhabit不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯ExamplesofNegativeTrans