未锻造的铜及铜合金的力学性能在低温.docx
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未锻造的铜及铜合金的力学性能在低温
未锻造的铜及铜合金的力学性能,在低温
铜合金变得更强,更韧,随着温度的下降。
Theyalsoretainexcellentimpactresistanceto20K.Thesegeneralcharacteristicshavebeenrevealedintestson15copperalloys,includingbrasses,bronzesandcommerciallypurecoppers.他们还保留20K的优良的耐冲击性,已在15的铜合金,包括黄铜,青铜和商业纯铜板的测试显示,这些一般特征。
TheyweretestedbytheCryogenicsDiv.,NationalBureauofStandards,forthecopperandbrassindustrytochecktensilestrength,notchtensilestrength,Youngsmodulus,andimpactpropertiesattemperaturesdownto4K(-454F).他们的低温DIV进行了测试,国家标准局对铜和黄铜行业,检查在温度为4K(-454°F)的拉伸强度,缺口拉伸强度,杨氏模量,和冲击性能。
TheinformationpresentedhereisbasedonareportbyRPReedandRPMikesell"LowTemperatureMechanicalPropertiesOfCopperandSelectedCopperAlloys,"NBSMonograph101,InstituteforMaterialsResearch,NationalBureauofStandards,Boulder,Colorado80302.这里提供的信息是由美国科罗拉多州博尔德RP的里德和RPMikesell“低温的铜及选定铜合金的力学性能,”国家统计局专着101,材料研究所,美国国家标准局,80302的报告的基础上。
Tests—Thecompositionsandconditionofthesealloys—thatis,forstandard,commerciallyavailablemillstock—arelistedinTable1.测试-这些合金的成分和条件-也就是说,标准,市售磨股票-列于表1。
Tensilespecimenswith1.5inchgaugelengthsprovidedthedataonelasticmodulus.1.5英寸的衡量长度的拉伸试样弹性模量的数据。
Notchtension(also1.5inchgaugelengths)andtensiontestswereconductedusingthecryostatandrelatedequipment.切口的张力(1.5英寸计长度)和张力进行了测试,使用恒温器和相关设备。
Testswereconductedat295(ambient),195,76,20,and4K.AnInstrontestingmachinewasusedwithacrossheadspeedof0.02in.permin.测试是在295(环境),195,76,20日和4K.在Instron试验机是一个十字头速度为每分钟0.02英寸。
TestproceduresaredescribedbyRAWarrenandRPReedinNBSMonograph63.测试程序是由RA沃伦和RP里德在国家统计局专着63。
Results—Thefiguresonthefollowingpagespresentstress-strainbehavior.结果-在以下几页的数字,目前的应力应变行为。
InTable2theaveragedataforeachalloyaretabulatedforalltestsandtemperatures.每个合金的平均数据表2则载列的所有测试和温度。
Dataspreadinmostinstanceswaslessthan±1%.在大多数情况下,传播的数据是超过±1%以内。
ConsiderablespreadintheimpactstrengthoccurredforCopper102inthe60%cold-drawncondition.铜102冲击强度相当的传播发生在60%冷拔条件。
Thiswasrelatedtograinsize.这是晶粒尺寸有关。
Metallographicexaminationrevealedthatthespecimenswithhighimpactstrengths(113to115ft-lb)hadsmallgrainswhilethosewithlowimpactstrength(57to84ft-lb)hadlargegrains.金相检验表明,具有较高的冲击强度(113至115磅-英尺)的标本有小颗粒,而那些低冲击强度(57至84英尺-磅)大颗粒。
AgedCopperAlloyNo.647,althoughcontainingonlyabout2.5wt.现年铜合金第647号,虽然含有大约只有2.5WT。
%alloyingelements,provedtobeconsiderablystrongerthananyotheralloytested.%的合金元素,被证明是相当强测试比任何其他合金。
Itsimpactstrengthremainshigh,andthenotchtensilestrength,althoughfallingoffat4K,isgoodwhencomparedtothetensilestrength.其冲击强度仍然很高,缺口拉伸强度,虽然下降为4K,是良好的抗拉强度相比。
Inaddition,elongationincreasesatlowtemperatures.此外,伸长率提高在低温条件下。
Exceptforthesandcastnickel-aluminum-bronzealloy,allalloyshadnotched-to-unnotchedtensileratiosaboveone,andgoodorverygoodimpactproperties.除为砂铸造镍铝青铜合金,所有合金之一以上的缺口无缺口拉伸比率,抗冲击性能好或非常好。
Onlythesandcastalloywasbrittleatlowtemperature.只有砂铸造合金在低温脆性。
Formostalloysthetensilestrength,yieldstrength,elongationandnotchtensilestrengthincreasedinthetemperaturerangefrom295to20K.Ultimateandyieldstrengthsofmostalloysarelessat4Kthanat20K.Discontinuousyieldingisevidentinallstress-straincurvesat4K.对于大多数合金的抗拉强度,屈服强度,伸长率和缺口拉伸强度的温度范围从295提高到20K.Ultimate和大多数合金的屈服强度为4K小于20K间断高产是显而易见的,都强调4K-应变曲线
TablesandFigures表格和图表
Table1.表1。
ConditionandCompositionofAlloys合金的条件和组成
CopperandCopperAlloy*铜及铜合金*
Condition条件
Composition,%成分,%
No.号
Name名称
Pb铅
Fe铁
Sn锡
Zn锌
Ni镍
PP
102102
OxygenFree氧
Colddrawn60%冷拔60%
4ppm4PPM
4ppm4PPM
1ppm1ppm的
4ppm4PPM
1ppm1ppm的
122122
Phosphorus磷
Deoxidized,脱氧,
Annealed退火
0.00020.0002
0.0030.003
0.000350.00035
0.0010.001
0.0280.028
HighResidual高残留
Phosphorus磷
Colddrawn26%冷拔26%
Sameasannealedsamples退火样品相同
150150
Zirconium锆
Copper铜
Annealed,950C;退火,950比特彗星;
colddrawn85to90%;aged,冷拔85%至90%;岁,
450C,1hr450℃,1小时
SimilartothatofOxygenFree与氧自由基
withZradded用锆添加
220220
Commercial商业
Bronze,90%青铜,90%
Annealed,退火,
575C,3hr575,3小时
0.0050.005
0.010.01
10.0110.01
230230
RedBrass,85%红色黄铜,85%
Colddrawn14%冷拔14%
0.020.02
15.3315.33
443443
Admiralty金钟
Arsenical砷
Annealed,退火,
575C,1hr575C,1小时
0.040.04
0.030.03
0.970.97
27.5627.56
464464
NavalBrass海军黄铜
Annealed,退火,
593C,1hr593C,1小时
0.090.09
0.020.02
0.630.63
39.7139.71
510510
Phosphor磷
Bronze,5%A铜牌,5%
Springcold春季感冒
drawn85%绘制85%
0.020.02
0.020.02
4.854.85
0.050.05
0.180.18
614614
Aluminum铝
BronzeD青铜ð
Commercial商业
anneal退火
2.132.13
647647
Copper-nickel铜镍
silicon硅
Aged,450C,现年450℃,
2hr2小时
0.010.01
1.971.97
655655
HighSilicon高硅
BronzeA青铜甲
Commercial商业
anneal(soft)退火(软)
0.010.01
0.090.09
0.040.04
706706
CopperNickel铜镍
10%10%
Annealed,退火,
677C,40min677C,40分钟
0.020.02
1.161.16
0.070.07
9.989.98
715715
CopperNickel铜镍
30%30%
Commercial商业
anneal退火
<0.01<0.01
0.590.59
<0.01<0.01
0.040.04
30.0530.05
Nickel-镍
aluminumbronze铝青铜
Sandcast砂型铸造
3.353.35
5.205.20
*Materialwas3/4-in.*材质3/4-in。
bar,exceptnickel-aluminumbronzewhichwasabillet.酒吧,除镍铝青铜合金钢坯。
**16ppmAg;12ppmS;2ppmAs;5ppmSb;lessthan3ppm0;tracesofAu,Bi,Mn,Hg,Cd,Zn**16ppm的银;12ppm的小号;2PPM;5ppm的锑;小于百万分之30;痕迹,毕金,锰,汞,镉,锌
Table1.表1。
ConditionandCompositionofAlloys(Continued)条件和合金成分(续)
Copperand铜和
CopperAlloy*铜合金*
Condition条件
Others其他
Hardness硬度
AverageGrain平均晶粒
Diameter,mm直径,mm
No.号
Name名称
102102
OxygenFree氧
Colddrawn60%冷拔60%
****
Rb45铷45
to53到53
0.2870.287
to2.002.00
122122
Phosphorus磷
Deoxidized,脱氧,
Annealed退火
Ag,Bi,Sb,Mn,银,铋,锑,锰,
As,Ni(trace)由于,镍(跟踪)
Rf35RF35
0.0510.051
HighResidual高残留
Phosphorus磷
Colddrawn26%冷拔26%
Rb50铷50
0.1010.101
150150
Zirconium锆
Copper铜
Annealed,950C;退火,950比特彗星;
colddrawn85to90%;aged,冷拔85%至90%;岁,
450C,1hr450℃,1小时
Zr,0.18锆,0.18
Rb68铷68
0.2030.203
220220
Commercial商业
Bronze,90%青铜,90%
Annealed,退火,
575C,3hr575,3小时
Rf49RF49
0.0510.051
230230
RedBrass,85%红色黄铜,85%
Colddrawn14%冷拔14%
Ag,Mg(trace)银,镁(追踪)
Rf64RF64
0.0250.025
443443
Admiralty金钟
Arsenical砷
Annealed,退火,
575C,1hr575C,1小时
As,0.041正如,0.041
Rf55RF55
0.1440.144
464464
NavalBrass海军黄铜
Annealed,退火,
593C,1hr593C,1小时
Rb57铷57
0.0360.036
510510
Phosphor磷
Bronze,5%A铜牌,5%
Springcold春季感冒
drawn85%绘制85%
Rb94铷94
0.1010.101
614614
Aluminum铝
BronzeD青铜ð
Commercial商业
anneal退火
Al,6.57铝,6.57
Rb97铷97
0.0360.036
647647
Copper-nickel铜镍
silicon硅
Aged,450C,现年450℃,
2hr2小时
Rb98RB98
0.0250.025
655655
HighSilicon高硅
BronzeA青铜甲
Commercial商业
anneal(soft)退火(软)
Mn,0.88;Si,2.90锰,0.88;四,2.90
Rb54铷54
0.0250.025
706706
CopperNickel铜镍
10%10%
Annealed,退火,
677C,40min677C,40分钟
Rb33铷33
0.0510.051
715715
CopperNickel铜镍
30%30%
Commercial商业
anneal退火
Mn,0.71to0.73锰,0.71到0.73
Al,<0.01;As,<0.01铝,<0.01;,<0.01
Rb47铷47
0.0360.036
Nickel-镍
aluminumbronze铝青铜
Sandcast砂型铸造
Al,9.95;Mn,0.39.95;铝,锰,0.3
Rb93铷93
0.0360.036
*Materialwas3/4-in.*材质3/4-in。
bar,exceptnickel-aluminumbronzewhichwasabillet.酒吧,除镍铝青铜合金钢坯。
**16ppmAg;12ppmS;2ppmAs;5ppmSb;lessthan3ppm0;tracesofAu,Bi,Mn,Hg,Cd,Zn**16ppm的银;12ppm的小号;2PPM;5ppm的锑;小于百万分之30;痕迹,毕金,锰,汞,镉,锌
Table2.表2。
AveragePropertiesofCopperandCopperAlloysatLowTemperatures未锻造的铜及铜合金平均特性,在低温
Copper铜
andCopperAlloy及铜合金
Test测试
Temperature,温度,
KK
ElasticProperties弹性性能
No.号
Nameand名称和
Treatment治疗
Youngs扬
Modulus,弹性模量,
106psi106PSI
(5%)(5%)
Shear剪切
Modulus,弹性模量,
106psi106PSI
(2%)(2%)
102102
OxygenFree氧
(Colddrawn(冷拔
60%)60%)
295295
195195
7676
2020
44
17.317.3
20.020.0
22.022.0
122122
Phosphorus磷
Deoxidized,脱氧,
HighResidual高残留
Phosphorus磷
(Annealed)(退火)
295295
195195
7676
2020
44
15.115.1
16.016.0
16.216.2
16.316.3
16.416.4
6.466.46
6.816.81
7.207.20
7.447.44
(Colddrawn(冷拔
26%)26%)
295295
195195
7676
2020
44
18.918.9
19.919.9
20.320.3
20.820.8
21.121.1
150150
Zirconium锆
Copper铜
(Colddrawn,(冷拔,
aged)岁以下)
295295
195195
7676
2020
44
15.815.8
17.217.2
17.217.2
220220
Commercial商业
Bronze,90%青铜,90%
(Annealed)(退火)
295295
195195
7676
2020
44
15.115.1
16.416.4
17.717.7
18.018.0
18.118.1
6.596.59
6.976.97
7.247.24
7.377.37
230230
RedBrass,红色黄铜,
85%85%
(Colddrawn(冷拔
14%)14%)
295295
195195
7676
2020
44
14.914.9
15.815.8
17.617.6
18.118.1
18.218.2
6.556.55
6.776.77
7.067.06
7.207.20
443443
Admiralty金钟
Arsenical砷
(Annealed)(退火)
295295
195195
7676
2020
44
14.614.6
14.914.9
15.515.5
16.016.0
16.216.2
5.945.94
6.156.15
6.486.48
6.556.55
464464
NavalBrass海军黄铜
(Annealed)(退火)
295295
195195
7676
2020
44
14.014.0
14.514.5
14.814.8
15.015.0
15.115.1
5.765.76
5.945.94
6.166.16
6.266.26
510510
Phosphor磷
Bronze,5%A铜牌,5%
(Colddrawn(冷拔
85%,spring)85%,春季)
295295
195195
7676
2020
44
15