欧洲文化入门名词解释.docx

欧洲文化入门名词解释.docx

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欧洲文化入门名词解释

TheIntroductionofEuropeanCulture-EnglishTerms

DivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCulture

1.Iliad（《伊利亚特》）:

1）ItisoneofthetwogreatancientGreekepicsbyHomer.2）ItdealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroyprobablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.3）TheheroesareHectorontheTrojansideandAchillesandOdysseusontheGreek.4）Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.

2．Herodotus（希罗多德）:

1）HeisoneofgreatancientGreekhistorians.2）Heisoftencalled“FatherofHistory.3）HewroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.4）Hishistory,fullofanecdotesanddigressionsandlivelydialogue,iswonderfullyreadable.5）Hisobjectinwritingwas“thatthegreatandwonderfuldeedsdonebyGreeksandPersiansshouldnotlackrenown.”

3．Socrates:

1）HewasthephilosopherofancientGreeceinthe5thand4thcentury.2）HewasconsideredoneofthethreegreatestnamesinEuropeanphilosophy.3）Heholdthatphilosophytooktheaimtoreachtheconclusionofoneselfandvirtuewasknowledge.4）HisthoughtswererecordedinDialoguesbyPlato.5）Hedevisedthedialecticalmethod.

4.Dialecticalmethod（辩证法）:

1）ItwasdevisedbyancientGreekphilosopherSocrates.2）Itisamethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers.

5.Plato:

1）HewasthegreatestphilosopherofancientGreece,pupilofSocrates.2）HisDialoguesareimportantnotonlyasphilosophicalwritingbutalsoasimaginativeliterature.OftheDialogueshewrote,27havesurvived,including:

theApology,SymposiumandtheRepublic.3）Platobuiltupacomprehensivesystemofphilosophy.4）Hisphilosophyiscalledidealism.

6.Diogenes（狄奥艮尼）（北京市2002年自考真题名词解释）:

HewasoneoftheCynic’sleadersinancientGreece,whodecidedtolivelikeadog.2）Theword“cynic”means“dog”inGreek.3）Herejectedallconventions,advocatedself-sufficiencyandextremesimplicityinlife.

7．Stoics（斯多咯派）:

1）ItwasoneoffourancientGreekschoolsofphilosophersinthe4thcenturyB.C.2）Tothem,themostimportantthinginlifewas“duty”.3）Itdevelopedintothetheorythatoneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.4）ThechiefStoicwasZeno.

8．DoricStyle（陶立克柱）:

1）ItisoneofthreeancientGreekarchitecturestyles.2）Itisalsocalledthemasculinestyle.3）Itissturdy,powerful,severe-lookingandshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.4）TheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned.

9．PaxRomana（罗马和平）（北京市2001年自考真题名词解释）:

1）Intheyear27B.C.OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetileofAugustus.2）Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.3）Theemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmy-thefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.4）ThustheRomanenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknowasPaxRomana.

10.Virgil（维吉尔）:

1）HewasthegreatestofLatinpoets.2）Hewrotethegreatepic,theAeneid.3）Thepoemopenedouttothefuture,forAeneasstoodattheheadofarceofpeoplewhoweretofoundthefirsttheRomanrepublicandthentheRomanEmpire.

DivisionTwoTheBibleandChristianity

1.TheBible:

1）TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:

theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2）TheformerisaboutGodandthelawsofGod;thelatter,thedoctrineofJesusChrist.

2.TheOldTestament:

1）TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:

theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2）TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.3）Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

3.TheNewTestament:

1）TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:

theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2）TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine（教义）ofJesusChrist.3）Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

4.Pentateuch（摩西五经）:

1）IntheOldTestament,theoldestandmostimportantarethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.2）Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:

Genesis（创世记）,Exodus（出埃及记）,Leviticus（利未记）,Numbers（民数记）,Deuteronomy（申命记）.

5．Genesis：

1）GenesisisthefirstoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchinOldTestament.2）IttellsaboutareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareerofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.

6.Exodus:

1）ExodusisthesecondoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchintheOldTestament.2）IttellsaboutareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgyptLedbyMoses.3）DuringtheperiodtheybegantoreceiveGod’sLaw.

7.Noah’sArk（挪亚方舟）:

1）FormanyhundredyearsafterAdamandEveweredrivenoutofEden,thefamilyofmanmultipliedandspreadovertheearth,but