green building 外文文献翻译.docx

green building 外文文献翻译.docx

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greenbuilding外文文献翻译

外文文献：

Greenbuilding

Greenbuilding（alsoknownasgreenconstructionorsustainablebuilding）referstoastructureandusingprocessthatisenvironmentallyresponsibleandresource-efficientthroughoutabuilding'slife-cycle:

fromsittingtodesign,construction,operation,maintenance,renovation,anddemolition.Thisrequiresclosecooperationofthedesignteam,thearchitects,theengineers,andtheclientatallprojectstages.TheGreenBuildingpracticeexpandsandcomplementstheclassicalbuildingdesignconcernsofeconomy,utility,durability,andcomfort.

Althoughnewtechnologiesareconstantlybeingdevelopedtocomplementcurrentpracticesincreatinggreenerstructures,thecommonobjectiveisthatgreenbuildingsaredesignedtoreducetheoverallimpactofthebuiltenvironmentonhumanhealthandthenaturalenvironmentby:

Efficientlyusingenergy,water,andotherresources

Protectingoccupanthealthandimprovingemployeeproductivity

Reducingwaste,pollutionandenvironmentaldegradation

Asimilarconceptisnaturalbuilding,whichisusuallyonasmallerscaleandtendstofocusontheuseofnaturalmaterialsthatareavailablelocally.Otherrelatedtopicsincludesustainabledesignandgreenarchitecture.Sustainabilitymaybedefinedasmeetingtheneedsofpresentgenerationswithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirneeds.Althoughsomegreenbuildingprogramsdon'taddresstheissueoftheretrofittingexistinghomes,othersdo.Greenconstructionprinciplescaneasilybeappliedtoretrofitworkaswellasnewconstruction.

A2009reportbytheU.S.GeneralServicesAdministrationfound12sustainablydesignedbuildingscostlesstooperateandhaveexcellentenergyperformance.Inaddition,occupantsweremoresatisfiedwiththeoverallbuildingthanthoseintypicalcommercialbuildings.

Greenbuildingpracticesaimtoreducetheenvironmentalimpactofbuildings,sotheveryfirstruleis:

thegreenestbuildingisthebuildingthatdoesn'tgetbuilt.Newconstructionalmostalwaysdegradesabuildingsite,sonotbuildingispreferabletobuilding.Thesecondruleis:

everybuildingshouldbeassmallaspossible.Thethirdruleis:

donotcontributetosprawl（thetendencyforcitiestospreadoutinadisorderedfashion）.Nomatterhowmuchgrassyouputonyourroof,nomatterhowmanyenergy-efficientwindows,etc.,youuse,ifyou1contributetosprawl,you'vejustdefeatedyourpurpose.Urbaninfillsitesarepreferabletosuburban"Greenfield"sites.

Buildingsaccountforalargeamountofland.AccordingtotheNationalResourcesInventory,approximately107millionacres（430,000km2）oflandintheUnitedStatesaredeveloped.TheInternationalEnergyAgencyreleasedapublicationthatestimatedthatexistingbuildingsareresponsibleformorethan40%oftheworld’stotalprimaryenergyconsumptionandfor24%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions.

Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmentcanbetracedtotheenergy（especiallyfossiloil）crisisandtheenvironmentpollutionconcerninthe1970s.ThegreenbuildingmovementintheU.S.originatedfromtheneedanddesireformoreenergyefficientandenvironmentallyfriendlyconstructionpractices.Thereareanumberofmotivesforbuildinggreen,includingenvironmental,economic,andsocialbenefits.However,modernsustainabilityinitiativescallforanintegratedandsynergisticdesigntobothnewconstructionandintheretrofiringofexistingstructures.Alsoknownassustainabledesign,thisapproachintegratesthebuildinglife-cyclewitheachgreenpracticeemployedwithadesign-purposetocreateasynergyamongthepracticesused.

Greenbuildingbringstogetheravastarrayofpractices,techniques,andskillstoreduceandultimatelyeliminatetheimpactsofbuildingsontheenvironmentandhumanhealth.Itoftenemphasizestakingadvantageresources,e.g.,usingsunlightthroughpassivesolar,activesolar,andphotovoltaictechniquesandusingplantsandtreesthroughgreenroofs,raingardens,andreductionofrainwaterrun-off.Manyothertechniquesareused,suchasusingwoodasabuildingmaterial,orusingpackedgravelorpermeableconcreteinsteadofconventionalconcreteorasphalttoenhancereplenishmentofgroundwater.

Whilethepractices,ortechnologies,employedingreenbuildingareconstantlyevolvingandmaydifferfromregiontoregion,fundamentalprinciplespersistfromwhichthemethodisderived:

SittingandStructureDesignEfficiency,EnergyEfficiency,WaterEfficiency,MaterialsEfficiency,IndoorEnvironmentalQualityEnhancement,OperationsandMaintenanceOptimization,andWasteandToxicsReduction.Theessenceofgreenbuildingisanoptimizationofoneormoreoftheseprinciples.Also,withthepropersynergisticdesign,individualgreenbuildingtechnologiesmayworktogethertoproduceagreatercumulativeeffect.

Ontheaestheticsideofgreenarchitectureorsustainabledesignisthephilosophyofdesigningabuildingthatisinharmonywiththenaturalfeaturesandresourcessurroundingthesite.Thereareseveralkeystepsindesigningsustainablebuildings:

specify'green'buildingmaterialsfromlocalsources,reduceloads,optimizesystems,andgenerateon-siterenewableenergy.

Thefoundationofanyconstructionprojectisrootedintheconceptanddesignstages.Theconceptstage,infact,isoneofthemajorstepsinaprojectlifecycle,asithasthelargestimpactoncostandperformance.Indesigningenvironmentallyoptimalbuildings,theobjectiveistominimizethetotalenvironmentalimpactassociatedwithalllife-cyclestagesofthebuildingproject.However,buildingasaprocessisnotasstreamlinedasanindustrialprocess,andvariesfromonebuildingtotheother,neverrepeatingitselfidentically.Inaddition,buildingsaremuchmorecomplexproducts,composedofamultitudeofmaterialsandcomponentseachconstitutingvariousdesignvariablestobedecidedatthedesignstage.Avariationofeverydesignvariablemayaffecttheenvironmentduringallthebuilding'srelevantlife-cyclestages.

Greenbuildingsoftenincludemeasurestoreduceenergyconsumption–boththeembodiedenergyrequiredtoextract,process,transportandinstallbuildingmaterialsandoperatingenergytoprovideservicessuchasheatingandpowerforequipment.

Ashigh-performancebuildingsuselessoperatingenergy,embodiedenergyhasassumedmuchgreaterimportance–andmaymakeupasmuchas30%oftheoveralllifecycleenergyconsumption.StudiessuchastheU.S.LCIDatabaseProjectshowbuildingsbuiltprimarilywithwoodwillhavealowerembodiedenergythanthosebuiltprimarilywithbrick,concreteorsteel.

Toreduceoperatingenergyuse,designersusedetailsthatreduceairleakagethroughthebuildingenvelope（thebarrierbetweenconditionedandunconditionedspace）.Theyalsospecifyhigh-performancewindowsandextrainsulationinwalls,ceilings,andfloors.Anotherstrategy,passivesolarbuildingdesign,isoftenimplementedinlow-energyhomes.Designersorientwindowsandwallsandplaceawnings,porches,andtreestoshadewindowsandroofsduringthesummerwhilemaximizingsolargaininthewinter.Inaddition,effectivewindowplacement（daylighting）canprovidemorenaturallightandlessentheneedforelectriclightingduringtheday.

Onsitegenerationofrenewableenergythroughsolarpower,windpower,hydropower,orbiomasscansignificantlyreducetheenvironmentalimpactofthebuilding.Powergenerationisgenerallythemostexpensivefeaturetoaddtoabuilding.

Reducingwaterconsumptionandprotectingwaterqualityarekeyobjectivesinsustainablebuilding.Onecriticalissueofwaterconsumptionisthatinmanyareas,thedemandsonthesupplyingaquiferexceeditsabilitytoreplenishitself.Tothemaximumextentfeasible,facilitiesshouldincreasetheirdependenceonwaterthatiscollected,used,purified,andreusedon-site.Theprotectionandconservationofwaterthroughoutthelifeofabuildingmaybeaccomplishedbydesigningfordualplumbingthatrecycleswaterintoiletflushing.Waste-watermaybeminimizedbyutilizingwaterconservingfixturessuchasultra-lowflushtoiletsandlow-flowshowerheads.Bidetshelpeliminatetheuseoftoiletpaper,reducingsewertrafficandincreasingpossibilitiesofre-usingwateron-site.Pointofusewatertreatmentandheatingimprovesbothwaterqualityandenergyefficiencywhilereducingtheamountofwaterincirculation.Theuseofnon-sewageandgreywaterforon-siteusesuchassite-irrigationwillminimizedemandsonthelocalaquifer.

Buildingmaterialstypicallyconsideredtobe'green'includelumberfromforeststhathavebeencertifiedtoathird-partyforeststandard,rapidlyrenewableplantmaterialslikebambooandstraw,dimensionstone,recycledstone,recycledmetal（see:

coppersustainabilityandrecyclability）,andotherproductsthatarenon-toxic,reusable,renewable,and/orrecyclable（e.g.,Trass,Linoleum,sheepwool,panelsmadefrompaperflakes,compressedearthblock,adobe,bakedearth,rammedearth,clay,vermiculite,flaxlinen,sisal,seagrass,cork,expandedclaygrains,coconut,woodfibreplates,calciumsandstone,concrete（highandultrahighperformance,romanself-healingconcrete,etc.）TheEPA（EnvironmentalProtectionAgency）alsosuggestsusingrecycledindustrialgoods,suchascoalcombustionproducts,foundrysand,anddemolitiondebrisinconstructionprojectsBuildingmaterialsshouldbeextractedandmanufacturedlocallytothebuildingsitetominimizetheenergyembeddedintheirtransportation.Wherepossible,buildingelementsshouldbemanufacturedoff-siteanddeliveredtosite,tomaximisebenefitsofoff-sitemanufactureinclud