高考英语真题分类汇编说明文类阅读理解3zT.docx

高考英语真题分类汇编说明文类阅读理解3zT.docx

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高考英语真题分类汇编说明文类阅读理解3zT

2018年高考英语真题分类汇编：

说明文类阅读理解一、阅读理解（共12题；共90分）

1.（2018•卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

C

Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit（联系）groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000years

ago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.

Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseare

increasinglytakingover.

Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapua

NewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber（中位数）ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.

Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction（消亡）,withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon（eightremainingspeakers）,ChiapanecoinMexico（150）,LipanApacheintheUnitedStates

（twoorthree）orWadjiguinAustralia（one,withaquestion-mark）:

noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.

（1）Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?

A.Theydevelopedveryfast.B.Theywerelargeinnumber.

C.Theyhadsimilarpatterns.D.Theywerecloselyconnected.

（2）Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"dominant"underlinedinparagraph2?

A.Complex.B.Advanced

C.Powerful.D.Modern.

（3）Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?

A.About6,800.B.About3,400.C.About2,400.D.About1,200.

（4）Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.

C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.

【答案】

（1）B

（2）C

（3）B

（4）C

【考点】主旨大意题，词义猜测题，细节理解题，社会文化类，说明文

【解析】【分析】本文属于社科类说明文，介绍了世界语言随着人类的发展，许多语种已消失或正面临灭绝，世界语言种类越来越少。

⑴B推理判断。

第一段第二三句Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknitgroupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother。

故答案为B。

⑵C词义猜测。

根据第二段划线部分句子句中的suchasEnglishSpanishand

Chineseareincreasinglytakingover可知，强大的语言如英语，西班牙语和汉语正在快速地接管，与前一句许多语言消失形成对比。

故答案为C。

⑶B细节计算。

根据倒数第二段第一句知现在世界语言种类总数有6800，及最后一句halfofthetotalworldlanguages可知6800的一半即3400，故答案为B

。

⑷C主旨大意。

第一段讲述了多年来语言的发展有新的语言产生也有一些语言消失，在人类以打猎为生的时代，语言种类很多;第二段主要描述了随着人类过上定居生活，语言的种类就逐渐减少，特别是近几十年来商业化，工业化及全球化的发展导致许多小语种消亡，许多语言被强大的英语汉语等取代;第三段介绍了世界6800多种语言的地理分布情况最后讲述了400多种语言正面临消亡。

故答案为C

【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏

览文章内容。

阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。

在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。

2.（2018•卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

D

Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices（装置）wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythanthe

neweronesthatdothesamethings.

Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyuseevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.

Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn'tthrowoutouroldones."TheLiving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekid'sroom,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,"saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We'renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices-wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt'steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTV'swithcathoderay

tubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.

Sowhat'sthesolution（解决方案）?

Theteam'sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforword

processingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontablesinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.

（1）Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?

A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.

C.Theycostmoretouseathome.D.Theygooutofstylequickly.

（2）WhydidBabbitt'steamconducttheresearch?

A.Toreducethecostofminerals.B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.

C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.

（3）Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?

A.Thebox-setTV.B.Thetablet.C.TheLCDTV.D.Thedesktopcomputer.

（4）Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?

A.Stopusingthem.B.Takethemapart.C.Upgradethem.

D.Recyclethem.

【答案】

（1）A

（2）D

（3）B

（4）A

【考点】推理判断题，细节理解题，科普环保类，说明文

【解析】【分析】这是一篇科普环保类阅读。

文章介绍了人们继续使用一些老旧电器对环境的坏处，这不仅增加能源的消耗，而且也不利于环保，因此作者建议及时更新那些过时的电子设备。

⑴A推理判断。

根据第1段最后一句…astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.这些过时的装置比新装置消耗更多的能量，因而判断新装置消耗的能量少，所以环保。

故答案为A。

⑵D细节理解。

根据第2段第一句Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,…故选D，为了查明这些装置的电消耗量。

⑶B细节理解。

由整个文章的最后一句Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscutenergyconsumptionby44%.可知在tablets（平板电脑）而不是电视和台式电脑上观看娱乐节目能够减少44%的能源消耗。

故平板电脑使用最少的能源，选B。

⑷A细节理解题。

根据最后一段第二句…buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhat

wouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronics…及最后一句Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscutenergyconsumptionby44%.研究者们探索用新电器代替旧产品，结果发现新的装置能够减少44%的能源消耗。

故选A。

【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏

览文章内容。

阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。

在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。

3.（2018•卷Ⅱ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

C

Teensandyoungerchildrenarereadingalotlessforfun,accordingtoaCommonSenseMediareportpublishedMonday.

Whilethedeclineoverthepastdecadeissteepforteenreaders,somedatainthereportshowsthatreadingremainsabigpartofmanychildren'slives,andindicateshowparentsmighthelpencouragemorereading.

Accordingtothereport'skeyfindings,"theproportion（比例）whosaythey'hardly

ever'readforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday."

Thereportdatashowsthatpleasurereadinglevelsforyoungerchildren,ages2-8,remainlargelythesame.Buttheamountoftimespentinreadingeachsessionhasdeclined,fromclosertoanhourormoretoclosertoahalfhourpersession.

Whenitcomestotechnologyandreading,thereportdoeslittletocounsel（建议

）parenstlookingfordataabouttheeffectofe-readersandtabletsonreading.Itdoespointoutthatmanyparentsstilllimitelectronicreading,mainlyduetoconcernsaboutincreasedscreentime.

Themosthopefuldatasharedinthereportshowsclearevidenceofparentsservingasexamplesandimportantguidesfortheirkidswhenitcomestoreading.Datashowsthatkidsandteenswhodoreadfrequently,comparedtoinfrequentreaders,havemorebooksinthehome,morebookspurchasedforthem,parentswhoreadmore

often,andparentswhosetasidetimeforthemtoread.

Astheendofschoolapproaches,andschoolvacationreadinglistsloom（逼近

）ahead,parentsmighttakethischancetostepinandmaketheirownsummerreadinglistandplanafamilytriptothelibraryorbookstore.

（1）WhatistheCommonSenseMediareportprobablyabout?

A.Children'sreadinghabits.B.Qualityofchildren'sbooks.

C.Children'safter-classactivities.D.Parent-childrelationships.

（2）Wherecanyoufindthedatathatbestsupports"childrenarereadingalotlessforfun"?

A.Inparagraph2.B.Inparagraph3.C.Inparagraph4.D.Inparagraph5.

（3）Whydomanyparentslimitelectronicreading?

A.E-booksareofpoorquality.B.Itcouldbewasteoftime.

C.Itmayharmchildren'shealth.D.E-readersareexpensive.

（4）Howshouldparentsencouragetheirchildrentoreadmore?

A.Actasrolemodelsforthem.B.Askthentowritebookreports.

C.Setupreadinggroupsforthem.D.Talkwiththeirreadingclassteachers.

【答案】

（1）A

（2）B

（3）C

（4）A

【考点】主旨大意题，推理判断题，细节理解题，社会文化类，说明文

【解析】【分析】本文属于社科类说明文，是一篇调查报告，调查发现青少年阅读量增多但为快乐而读的却在减少。

⑴A主旨大意题本文是一篇关于青少年阅读情况的调查报告，由第一段第二段就可知主旨大意是关于孩子的阅读习惯，故答案为A。

⑵