自然地理专业英语教案.docx

自然地理专业英语教案.docx

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自然地理专业英语教案

Lesson1

WORDS

1.sleetn.冻雨，雨夹雪

2.dependvi.依赖,取决于

3.hailn.雹

4.formvt.,vi.形成

5.lowa.低的

6.temperaturen.温度

7.moleculen.分子

8.clingvi.粘着

9.dropletn.小水滴

10.dustn.灰尘

11.particlen.粒子,微粒

12.nucleusn.核,原子核

13.dewn.露水

14.crystaln.晶体

15.condensationn.冷凝,凝结

16.rapida.快的

17.moisturen.湿气,水分

18.freezevi.结冰

19.raindropn.雨点

20.insteadad.代替,替换

21.snowflaken.雪片

22.shapen.形状

23.flaken.薄片

24.hexagonala.六角形的

25.lensn.透镜

26.strikevt.,vi.打击击中,撞

27.thunderstormn.雷雨

28.swifta.迅速的

29.currentn.气流,潮流

30.tossvt.,vi.抛,扔,颠簸

31.acquirevt.取得,获得

32.hailstonen.冰雹

33.stickvi.粘住

34.theoryn.理论

35.explainvt.说明,解释,阐明

PHRASESANDEXPRESSIONS

Themorethemore越…越…

Sothat如此…以致…

Takeplace发生

Assoonas一…就…

Highabove大大高于

Wellbelow远远低于

Takeon呈现

Abitof一点

Amassof一块

Startout出发,着手进行

layerof一层

TEXT

RAIN,SNOW,SLEET,ANDHAIL

Theformingofraininaclouddependsupontemperature.Thelowerthetemperature,themorethemoleculesofwatervaporinthecloudclingtogether.Thentheyformdropletsofwater.Usuallydropletsformarounddustorotherparticlesintheairwhenthedewpointisreached.Ificecrystalsareinthecloud,evenmoredropletsmayform.

Inclouds,condensationmaybesorapidthatmillionsofdropletsofwaterareformed.Asthesedropletscollectmoremoleculesandthereforebecomeheavier,theirweightmakesthemfalltotheearth.Ifthetemperatureoftheairisabovefreezingthedropswillfallasrain.

Whentheairhighabovetheearthiswellbelowfreezing,themoistureintheairdoesnotformraindrops.Instead,itformssnow.Snowflakestakeonmanyinterestingshapes.Theyseemtobeformedaroundacenter.Snowismadeupofmillionsoftheseflakes,eachabitofwatervaporthatinfreezingtemperatureswaschangedintoaflakeofsnow.

Snowflakesarereallycrystals;theyarewatermoleculesgroupedinahexagonalpattern.Itisinterestingtostudysnowflakecrystalsunderahandlens.

Sometimesdropletsofwaterstartoutasrainandchangeintoanotherformontheirwaytotheearth.Theraindropsmaystartdownwardthroughalayerofwarmairandthenstrikeamassofcoldair,whereeachraindropfreezes.Thesefrozenraindropsfalltotheearthassleet;skeetusfrozenrain.

Sometimesstillanotherchangemaytakeplaceindropsofrain.Duringathunderstorm,swiftupwardcurrentsofairusuallycarryraindropswiththem.Astheairgrowscolder,theseraindropsmayformlittleballsofice.Inamassofwarmair,theymaygetacoatingofmoisture,whichfreezesassoonastheyaretossedupagainintoacoldermassofair.Upanddowntheyarecarried,acquiringmoreandmorelayersofice.Thisgoesonuntiltheballsoficebecomeheavyenoughtofalltotheearthashailstones.Ifyoucutahailstoneintwo,youcanseethelayersofice.

Somescientiststhinkthathailstonesareformedinadifferentway.Ahailstonenucleus,atinydropletofwaterthatisfrozen,mayformhighintheatmosphere.Asitfallsthroughacloud,itmeetscoldwaterdropletsandsnowflakeswhichsticktothisnucleus.Thehailstonemaymeetmanyofthesedropletsandsnowflakesbeforeitfallsfromthecloudtotheearth.Asthedropletsofwatersticktothehailstone,theyaddaclearlayerofice.Assnowflakessticktoit,theyformacloudylayer.Thistheoryexplainswhyclearandcloudylayersarefoundinsidethehailstonewhenitiscutopen.

EXERCISES

I.Completethefollowingsentenceswithnounsformedfromtheverbsgiveninbrackets.

1.The＿ofraindependsonthe＿andthe＿oftinydropletsofwatervapourinthecloud.（form/condense/combine）

2.Whenthedropletsareheavyenoughtofall,＿cantakeplace.（precipitate）

3.The＿and＿ofwatercanbeobservedineverydaylife.（evaporate/condense）

4.The＿oficetowaterandwatertowatervapourbyheatingisagood＿ofthechangeofstateofmatter.（convert/illustrate）

5.The100equal＿aremadeafterthe＿by＿oftheboilingpointofwaterandthemeltingpointofice.（divide/determine/observe）

6.Thebest＿ofwhattakesplaceisthe＿ofgoodexamples.（explain/provide）

7.Alakewhichisusedforwater＿issometimeshighenoughforthe＿of＿bygravitytotransportthewateralongthepipestothehousesbelow.（store/exert/press）

8.Inscience,theCentigradethermometerisusedforthe＿oftemperature.（measure）

II.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedoninformationfoundinthetext.

1.Howisrainformed?

2.Whendoesthemoistureintheairfromsnow?

3.Whatissnowmadeupof?

4.Whatisthedifferencebetweenrainandsleet?

5.Whyareclearandcloudylayersfoundinsideahailstonewhenitiscutopen?

III.GivetheEnglishequivalentsofthefollowingexpressions.

1.取决于温度

2.使雨点落到地面

3.呈不同形状

4.冷到足以形成小冰珠

5.切成两半

IV.Explainthedifferentusesoftheword“form”inthefollowingsentences:

1.Theformingofrainisdiscussedinthetext.

2.Themoleculesofwatervaporformdroplets.

3.Ificecrystalsareinthecloud,evenmoredropletsmayform.

4.Sometimesdropletsofwaterstartoutasrainandchangeintoanotherformontheirwaytotheearth.

5.Somescientiststhinkthathailstonesareformedinadifferentway.

6.Themoleculesifwatervaporcometogether,formingdropletsofwater.

V.Replaceeachdash＿withtheproperformoftheverb“freeze”.

1.Whentheairiswellbelow＿,themoistureintheairformssnow.

2.In＿temperatureswatervaporwillbechangedintosnowflakes.

3.Inamassofcoldaireachraindrop＿.

4.Sleetis＿rain.

5.Ahailstonenucleusisatinydropletofwaterwhichis＿.

VI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

1.水滴开始在空气中形成时的温度叫露点.

2.空气越热,它能容纳的水分越多.

3.雾是靠近地面的云.

4.地球表面夜晚通常要比白天冷.

5.当含有水分的空气接触到寒冷的地面时,水汽开始从空气中跑出来并以水滴的形式聚集在它所接触到的任何东西上面.

6.没有雨,就不能有植物,没有植物,也就没有动物.

XII.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Insomeregions,particularlythedryones,thereiswatervaporintheair,buttheconditionsmayseldomberightforthisvaportocondenseandfallasrainorsnow.Rain,snow,hail,dew,andareknownasprecipitation.Evenwhererainfallisusuallymoderate,thereisattimesalackofrain.Adroughtmayleadtoseriouswatershortages,asitdidinNewYorkCityin1949and1950andagainin1963to1966.

Inthesummerof1949,NewYorkCity’sreservoirsweredowntoonethirdofwhattheynormallyheld.Severalbilliongallonsofwaterwerebeingusedeachday.Soseriouswasthewatershortagethatpeoplewereaskedtohaveonebathless,shaveless,andwashlessdayaweek.Carswentunwashed,lawnsandparksunsprinkled.Evenaglassofwaterwasnotservedinrestaurantsunlessaskedfor.

LessonTwo

NEWWORDS

1.mineraln.矿物

2.propertyn.性质,特性

3.nakeda.裸露的

4.detailn.详情

5.revealvt.暴露

6.magnifyvt.放大

7.magnificationn.放大率

8.hangvt.,vi.悬挂,吊

9.particularlyad.特别,格外

10.distinguishvt.区别,辨认,把…区别分类

11.definevt.规定,下定义

12.uniquea.唯一的,独特的

13.grainn.颗粒

14.quartzn.石英

15.qualityn.质量

plexa.复杂的,复合的

17.mixturen.混合物

18.varyvi.变化,不同

19.precisea.精确的

20.garnetn.柘榴石

positionn.构成组成

22.varietyn.多种,异种种类

23.rangen.范围,领域

24.proportionn.比例

25.hencead.因此

26.immensea.无限的,广大的

27.bewildervt.使为难,使手足无措

28.arrayn.排列

29.classifyvt.分类

30.sortvt.（out）分类,划分

31.majora.较重要的,主要的

32.divisionn.分类,划分

33.dividevt.（into）划分,把…分成为…

34.igneousa.火成的

35.sedimentarya.沉淀的,沉积的

36.metamorphica.变形的,变质的

37.kingdomn.领域王国,界

38.distinctivea.特殊的,有特色的

39.earmarkn.记号

40.remarkablea.值得注意的,显著的

41.accuratea.精确的

42.dozenn.一打,若干,许许多多

43.simplificationn.简单化,单一化

44.rarea.稀少的,少见的

45.unusuala.不平常的,少见的

46.subspeciesn.亚种

47.recognizevt.承认,认出

48.sophisticaten.世故的人

49.gleanvt.苦心搜集,选集

50.explanationn.解释

51.professionala.职业的,本职的

52.petrologistn.岩石学家

53.mineralogyn.矿物学

PHRASESANDEXPRESSIONS

Forexample例如

Becauseof由于,因为

Regardlessof不管,不顾

（to）befacedwith…面对着…,面临

（to）makeorder整理

despiteof不管,任凭

evenif即使

either…or…或…或…

ontheonehand…ontheotherhand…一方面…另一方面…

TEXT

ROCKSAREMADEUPOFMINERALS

Mostofarock’spropertiesareeasilyseenwiththenakedeye,thoughthedetailsarebetterrevealedwithalow-powermagnifyingglass（magnificationof5×to10×）—thehandlensthatfieldgeologistsusuallyhavehangingaroundtheirnecks.

Fromthecharacteristicsshow,particularlythephysicalandchemicalpropertieswecandistinguishseveralthousandminerals,eachdefinedbyitsuniquesetofproperties.Thusallgrainsorcrystalsofquartzhavejustaboutthesamequalities,regardlessofthekindofrockinwhichtheyarefound.Someminerals,particularlythosethathaveamorecomplexmixtureofatoms,varyslightlyintheirproperties,dependingontheirprecisecomposition.Aminerallikegarnet,forexample,hasanumberofvarieties,eachwithitsownrangeofcomposition,suchastheproportionsofironandotherelements,andhence,properties.

Rocksarenotasuniquelydefinedbytheirpropertiesasmineralsare.Becauseoftheimmensenumberofwaysinwhichthethousandsofmineralscanbecombined,thegeologistisfacedwithabewilderingarrayofrocktypes.Theonlywayforustomakeorderoutofthisarrayistoclassifylikewithlikeandtosortoutbygeneraltype.Themajordivisionofrocksintoigneous,sedimentary,andmetamorphicisjustsuchanaid.Withineachmajordivisiontherearemanygroupsandtypes.Usingcharacteristicproperties,wecandividetherockkingdomintoseveralhundredgeneraltypes,eachwithitsownmoreorlessdistinctiveearmarks.

Despiteallofthesenumbers,itisremarkablehowmuchcanbedoneevenifonlyasmallnumberofthemostcommonmineralsandrocksareknown.Inmostpartsoftheworldafieldgeologistcanmakeanaccurategeologicmapbyknowingonlyafewdozenmajormineralsandevenfewercommonro