10 Style of Academic Writings.docx

10 Style of Academic Writings.docx

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10StyleofAcademicWritings

10StyleofAcademicWritings

Academicwritingisquitedifferentfromthechatty,conversationalstyleyouusewhencommunicatingwithfriends.It’salsodifferentfromthetypeofwritingyoureadinmanynewspapers,ornovels.It’smoreformalthanothertypesofwriting,anditfollowscertainconventions.Academicwriting:

isformal

ispreciseandaccurate

isimpersonalandobjective

iscautiousortentative

referstootherwriters’work

UseofFormalLanguage

Formallanguageisrequiredinacademicwritings.However,therearecaseswherethisrulemightnotapply.Forexample,youmaybeaskedtowriteapersonaljournaltodescribeyourreactionstocertainconcepts,ortoapplythemtoyourownlifeexperience.

1nousecontractions,orcolloquialismsandslang.Lookattheseexamples:

Contractions:

isn’t,it’llbecompleted,they’ve,there’s

Slangorcolloquialwordsorphrases:

okay,prettyreliable,deadeasy,messedup,sortof

ApassagewhichdoesNOTuseformallanguage:

Sometreatiesstartonadatesetoutinthetreaty.Othersstartwhenthere’saproclamation.Alotoftreatieshavetoberegisteredwhenthey’reratified.Theycandothisregistrationeitherwithaspecialgroupestablishedinthetreatyitself,orwithaninternationalgroup.UnitedNationsmembershavetoregistertreatieswiththeUnitedNations’Secretariat.

Atreatycanoperateforasettermorforanothersortofgeneralperiod,dependingonhowit’sdrawnup.Alsothetreatywillhaveprovisionsthatallowforfinishing,renewingorwithdrawingfromthegroup’sobligationsinthetreaty.

ThesamepassagewhichDOESuseformallanguagecorrectly:

Sometreatiescomeintoforceonadatesetoutinthetreatyitself.Otherswillbecomeeffectiveuponproclamation.Mosttreatiesmustberegisteredatratification.Thisregistrationwillbeeitherwithaspecialbodyestablishedunderthetreatyitself,orwithaninternationalorganization.UnitedNationsmembersmustregistertreatieswiththeSecretariatoftheUnitedNations.

Atreatymayoperateforafixedtermorforanindefiniteperiod,dependinguponitsterms.Alsothetreatyitselfwillcontainprovisionsthatallowforterminating,renewingorwithdrawingfromobligationsunderthetreaty.

Exercise1:

Rewritethefollowingparagraphwithmoreformalexpressions

Spokentext

Nowadayscompaniesarefindingthattheyhavetochangethewaytheydothingsandthey’refindingthathumanresourcesplanningisreallyhelpfulwhentheyhavetodothis.Onereasonwhyit’shelpfulisbecauseitcanhelpthecompaniesworkoutwhattheissuesareandthen,whenyou’vedonethat,itcanhelpyoumakeupyourmindwhatyou’regoingtodoaboutit.Basically,humanresourceplanningiswhatyoudowhenyou’regoingthrough….

（Answer:

Ascompaniesexperiencetheneedforchange,theyoftenapplyhumanresourceplanningtodefinetherelevantissuesanddevelopresponsestothem.Broadlydefined,humanresourceplanningistheprocessofanalyzinganorganization’shumanresourcesneedsunderchangingconditionsanddevelopingtheactivitiesnecessarytosatisfythoseneeds.）

2Complexity

Writtenlanguageisgrammaticallymorecomplexthanspokenlanguage.Ithasmoresubordinateclauses,more“that/to”complementclauses,morelongsequencesofprepositionalphrases,moreattributiveadjectivesandmorepassivesthanspokenlanguage.

Writtentextshavelonger,morecomplexwordsandphrases.Theyhavemorenominalisations,morenounbasedphrases,andmorelexicalvariation.Writtentextsarelexicallydensecomparedtospokenlanguage-theyhaveproportionatelymorelexicalwordsthangrammaticalwords.

Thefollowingfeaturesarecommoninacademicwrittentexts:

1）Subordinateclauses/embedding

Thereareseveralfactorswhichhelptoprolongthisperiodtoperhapsthreeorfourtimesthatinthemale.

Thefamilyestablishesavarietyofbasesforrefugeswhichseemtobeusedatdifferenttimesoftheyear.

2）Complementclauses

that-clauses:

ThisconformsconvenientlywithMaslow’s（1970）claimthathumanmotivationisrelatedtoahierarchyofhumanneeds.

ItfollowsthatiftheLabourGovernmentistosecureacceptanceofitseconomicpackage,ithastosecurethesupportofMPsfromeithertheLiberalortheConservativeparty.

to-clauses:

Britain’sapparentabilitytorallyCommonwealthsupportatChicagoseemedtotheAmericanstobeevidenceofBritain’scontinuedworldpower.

of+ing-clauses:

ThepossibilityofincreasingdollarreceiptswascoupledwithabeliefthatAfricacouldbeastrategiccentreforBritishpower.

Participles

FormalwrittenEnglishusesverbslessthanspokenEnglish.-edand-ingparticiplesallowverbstobeusednominallyoradjectively.

Similartemptationsovercamephilosophersconcernedwithestablishingasecurebaseforindividualresponsibility