english version for beer.docx

english version for beer.docx

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englishversionforbeer

TheBrewers'Handbook

ByTedGoldammer

Publisher：

ApexPublishers

December2000

BarleyMalts

（selectedexcerpts）

Barleymaltistobeerasgrapesaretowine. Itisideallysuitedtobrewingformanyreasons. Maltedbarleyhasahighcomplementofenzymesforconvertingitsstarchsupplyintosimplesugarsandcontainsprotein,whichisneededforyeastnutrition. Ofcourse,oneimportantelementisitsflavor. Therearetwotypesofbarley:

six-rowandtwo-row.

BarleyMalts

Malting

Maltingservesthepurposeofconvertinginsolublestarchtosolublestarch,reducingcomplexproteins,generatingnutrientsforyeastdevelopment,andthedevelopmentofenzymes.Thethreemainstepsofthemaltingprocessaresteeping,germination,andkilning.

BarleySteeping

Steepingbeginsbymixingthebarleykernelswithwatertoraisethemoisturelevelandactivatethemetabolicprocessesofthedormantkernel.Thewaterisdrained,andthemoistgrainsareturnedseveraltimesduringsteepingtoincreaseoxygenuptakebytherespiringbarley.Generally,thebarleyspendsabout40hoursintanksoffresh,cleanwater,withthreeintervalsduringwhichthewaterisallowedtodrain.Drainingisdonetoremovedissolvedcarbondioxideandtoreintroduceoxygen-richwater.Steepingiscompletewhenthewhitetipsoftherootletsemerge,whichisknownaschitting.Atthispointthegrainswillhaveswollenoneandone-thirdtimestheiroriginalsize.

BarleyGermination

Inthenextstep,thewetbarleyisgerminatedbymaintainingitatasuitabletemperatureandhumidityleveluntiladequatemodificationhasbeenachieved.Germinationisdoneonfloors,indrums,orinboxes.Floormaltingisanoldprocessinwhichthechittedmaltisspreadonthefloortoaheightof10to20cm.Germinationindrumsisstilldone,butisnotveryeconomical;consequently,onlyafewplantsstillusethissystem.

MaltKilning

Thefinalstepistodrythegreenmaltinthekiln.Maltsarekilnedatdifferenttemperatures.Thetemperatureregimeinthekilndeterminesthecolorofthemaltandtheamountofenzymeswhichsurviveforuseinthemashingprocess.Lowtemperaturekilningismoreappropriateformaltswhenitisessentialtopreserveenzymatic（diastatic）power.Thesemaltsarehighinextractbutlowincoloringandflavoringcompounds.Pilsnerandpalealemaltsareexamplesofmaltskilnedatlowtemperatures.Maltskilnedatintermediatetemperatures,suchasMunichandViennamalts,arelowerinenzymesbuthigherincoloringandflavoringcompounds.Maltskilnedathightemperatures,suchascrystalandchocolatemalts,havelittleifanyenzymes,thusarelowerinextract.

BarleyMalts

MaltConstituents

Maltislargelymadeupofcarbohydrates,whicharecomposedofinsolublecellulose,solublehemicellulose,dextrins,starch,andsugars.Celluloseconstituentsdonotcontributetofermentableextractordesirableflavorsinthemalt.Hemicelluloseisaconstituentoftheendospermcellwalls,whichconsistlargelyofbeta-glucan.Dextrinsareresidual,unfermentablefractionsofamylopectin.Starch,accountingforabout60to65%ofthemalt’sweight,iscomposedofamylose,whichisreducedtomaltoseandmaltotrioseandamylopectinsthatdecomposeintoglucose.Glucose,amonosaccharide,accountsforabout1to2%ofthetotalstarchfoundinabarleykernel.Maltose,adisaccharideordouble-sugar,ismostcloselyassociatedwithbrewingandisformedbytwomoleculesofglucose.Anotherdisaccharidepresentinmaltissucrose.Theonlysignificanttrisaccharideortriple-moleculesugarinbrewingismaltotriose.Maltotrioseisslowlyfermentablebymoststrainsofbrewingyeast.

BarleyMalts

MaltExtracts

Maltextractscanbeusedasasolesourceoffermentablesugar,ortheycanbecombinedwithbarleymalt.Themaltextractcomesintheformofsyrupordriedpowder.Ifthefinalproductisadriedpowder,themaltextracthasundergoneacompleteevaporationprocessbymeansof"spray-drying,"thusremovingalmostallofthewater.Forsimplicity,usean85%conversionfactorwhensubstitutingdriedmaltforsyrup.Syrupsaremorepopularthandriedmaltextract,possiblybecausetheyarelesstroubletostore.Acommonproblemnoticedinmaltextractbeersisthethin,drypalate,whichcorrelateswithalowterminalgravity.Anothercommonproblemisthelackofatrue"darkmalt"flavorindarkbeers.

Hops

（selectedexcerpts）

Hops,aminoringredientinbeer,areusedfortheirbittering,flavoring,andaroma-enhancingpowers.HopsalsohavepronouncedbacteriostaticactivitythatinhibitsthegrowthofGram-positivebacteriainthefinishedbeerand,wheninhighenoughconcentrations,aidsinprecipitationofproteins.

Hops

HopConstituents

Hopscontainhundredsofcomponents,butofparticularinterestareresins,oils,andpolyphenols.

HopResin