管理会计英文版课后习题答案高等教育出版社chapter 12.docx
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管理会计英文版课后习题答案高等教育出版社chapter12
管理会计(高等教育出版社)
于增彪(清华大学)改编
余绪缨(厦门大学)审校
CHAPTER12
environmentalcostmanagement
questionsforwritinganddiscussion
1.Firmsareinterestedinenvironmentalcostingbecausethecostsofcomplyingwithenvironmentalregulationhaveincreasedandbecauseimprovingenvironmentalperformancecanreducecostsandprovideacompetitiveadvantage.
2.Ecoefficiencyisthebeliefthatorganizationscanproducemoregoodsandserviceswhilesimultaneouslyreducingnegativeenvironmentalconsequences,resourceconsumption,andcosts.
3.Thesixincentives,orcauses,forecoefficiencyare
(1)customersdesiretobuycleangoods,
(2)betteremployeesandgreaterproductivity,(3)lowercostofcapitalandcheaperinsurance,(4)societalbenefitsandimprovedimage,(5)innovationsandsearchesfornewopportunities,and(6)costreductionsandincreasedcompetitiveness.
4.Anenvironmentalcostisacostincurredbecausepoorenvironmentalqualityexistsormayexist.
5.Thefourcategoriesofenvironmentalcostsareprevention,detection,internalfailure,andexternalfailure.Preventioncostsarecostsincurredtopreventdegradationtotheenvironment.Detectioncostsareincurredtodetermineifthefirmiscomplyingwithenvironmentalstandards.Internalfailurecostsarecostsincurredtopreventemissionofcontaminantstotheenvironmentaftertheyhavebeenproduced.Externalfailurecostsarecostsincurredaftercontaminantshavebeenemittedtotheenvironment.
6.Realizedexternalfailurecostsareenvironmentalcostspaidforbythefirm.Unrealizedorsocietalcostsarecostscausedbythefirmbutpaidforbythirdparties(membersofsocietybearthesecosts).
7.Fullenvironmentalcostingmeansthatallenvironmentalcostsareassignedtotheproduct,includingsocietalcosts.Fullprivatecostingmeansthatonlyprivatecostsareassignedtoproducts.
8.Functional-basedcostingmustfirstisolatetheenvironmentalcostsandassignthemtoanenvironmentalcostingpool.Next,apoolrateiscomputedusingdirectlaborhoursormachinehours(orsomeotherunit-leveldriver).Finally,therateisusedtoassignenvironmentalcoststoproductsbasedontheirusageofdirectlaborhoursormachinehours.Theapproachbreaksdownwhenthereisproductdiversitybecauseunit-leveldriverswouldnotlikelyreflecttheenvironmentalresourcesbeingconsumedbyeachproduct.
9.Activity-basedcostingfirstidentifiesenvironmentalactivitiesanddeterminesthecostofeachactivity.Next,activityratesarecomputed.Finally,environmentalcostsare
assignedtoeachproductbasedontheirconsumptionofindividualenvironmentalactivities.
10.Theenvironmentalcostperunitofproductsignalstwothings.First,itindicateshowmuchopportunityexistsforimprovingenvironmentalandeconomicperformance.Second,itisameasureoftherelativecleanlinessofproducts.The“moredirty”productsshouldreceivegreaterattentionthantheonesthatare“moreclean.”
11.Life-cycleassessmentisanapproachthatidentifiestheenvironmentalconsequencesofaproductthroughitsentirelifecycleandthensearchesforopportunitiestoobtainenvironmentalimprovements.
12.Theenvironmentallyimportantlife-cyclestagesofaproductareresourceextraction,productmanufacture,productuse,andrecyclinganddisposal.
13.Thethreestepsoflife-cycleassessmentareinventoryanalysis,impactanalysis,andimprovementanalysis.Inventoryanalysisspecifiesthematerialsandinputsneededandtheresultingenvironmentalreleasesintheformofsolid,liquid,andgaseousresidues.Impactanalysisassessestheenvi-
ronmentaleffectsofcompetingdesignsandprovidesarelativerankingofthoseeffects.Improvementanalysishastheobjectiveofreducingtheenvironmentalimpactsrevealedbytheinventoryandimpactsteps.
14.Life-cyclecostingimproveslife-cycleassessmentbyassigningeconomicconsequencestotheenvironmentalimpactsidentifiedintheinventoryandimpactsteps.Assessingthefinancialconsequencesallowscompetingdesignstobecomparedonacommonmeasure,allowinganenvironmentalrankingofcompetingdesigns.
15.ThejustificationforaddinganenvironmentalperspectivetotheBalancedScorecardisbasedontheconceptofecoefficiency.Ifecoefficiencyisavalidconcept,thenaddinganenvironmentalperspectiveislegitimatebecauseimprovingenvironmentalperformancecanbethesourceofacompetitiveadvantage.
16.Thefivecoreobjectivesoftheenvironmentalperspectiveare:
(1)tominimizetheuseofhazardousmaterials;
(2)tominimizetheuseofraworvirginmaterials;(3)tominimizeenergyrequirementsforproductionanduseoftheproduct;(4)tominimizethereleaseofsolid,liquid,andgaseousresidues;and(5)tomaximizeopportunitiestorecycle.
17.Minimizingtheuseofrawmaterialsisanenvironmentalissuebecausemanyrawmaterialsarelimitedinquantityandarenonrenewable.Forexample,onlyafiniteamountofpetroleumreservesexists.Thus,conserv-
ingtheiruseensuresthatfuturegenerationswillhaveaccesstothem.
18.Possiblemeasuresforminimizingthereleaseofresiduesincludepoundsoftoxicmaterials,cubicmetersofeffluents,tonsofgreenhousegasesproduced,andpercentagereductionofpackagingmaterials.
19.Agree.Assumingtheconceptofecoefficiencyisvalid,thenallenvironmentalfailureactivitiesshouldbeclassifiedasnonvalue-added.Theseactivitiesrepresenttheconsequencesofinefficientproductionapproaches,andadoptingmoreefficient
approachescaneliminatetheneedforthesetypesofactivities.
20.Designfortheenvironmentmeansthateffortsaremadetodesignproductsandprocessestominimizeenvironmentaldegradation.Thisapproachcoverstheentirelifecycleandaffectsproducts,processes,materials,energy,andrecycling.
21.Thevalueoffinancialmeasuresofenvironmentalperformanceiseasytoidentify:
environmentalimprovementsshouldproducesignificantandfavorablefinancialconsequences.Ifecoefficientdecisionsarebeingmade,thenenvironmentalcostsshoulddecreaseasenvironmentalperformanceimproves.Examplesoffinancialmeasuresincludehazardousmaterialsasapercentageoftotalmaterialscost,costofenergyusage(andthetrend),totalinternalfailurecosts,totalexternalfailurecosts,preventioncosts,anddetectioncosts.
Exercises
12–1
1.e
2.e
3.b
4.a
5.d
6.c
7.d
8.e
12–2
1.Theideathateconomicefficiencyisequivalenttopollutionisamyth.Quitetheoppositeappearstobetrue.Ecoefficiencymeansthatmoregoodsandservicescanbeproducedwhilesimultaneouslyreducingnegativeenvironmentalimpacts.Ecologicalandeconomicperformancecanandshouldbecomplementary.Severalfactorssupportthisview.First,customersaredemandingcleanerproducts.Second,betteremployeesprefertoworkforenvironmentallycleanfirms.Third,environmentallyresponsiblefirmstendtocaptureexternalbenefitssuchaslowercostofcapitalandlowerinsurancerates.Fourth,improvingenvironmentalperformanceproducessignificantsocialbenefitsandenhancestheabilitytosellproductsandservices.Fifth,improvingenvironmentalperformanceawakenswithinmanagersaneedtoinnovate.Sixth,improvingenvironmentalperformancereducesenvironmentalcostsandmaycreateacompetitiveadvantage.
2.Sustainabledevelopmentisdevelopmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirneeds.Tobelievethatthestatehasexclusiveresponsibilityforsolvingenvironmentalproblemsandfosteringsustainabledevelopmentignorestheroleofecoefficiency.Ifimprovingenvironmentalperformanceimproveseconomicefficiency,thenfirmshaveanincentivetosolveenvironmentalproblems.Ecoefficiencyiscompatiblewith,andsupportiveof,sustainabledevelopment.Assumingthatecologicalandeconomicefficiencyarecompatible,thentheroleofgovernmentistoencourageandfosterthemarketforcesthatwillleadtoimprovedenvironmentalquality.
12–3
1.Externalfailurecostsfortheenvironmentalmodelaremadeupoftwocategories:
thosepaidforbythefirmandthosepaidforbyathirdparty(society).IntheTQMmodel,allexternalfailurecostsareassumedtobepaidforbythefirm.
2.Theexternalfailurecostcurveissimplythehorizontalaxisbecausethefirmpaysfornothing.Thetotalcostcurveisthecontrolcostcurve(thesumofpreventiveanddetectioncosts).Theincentiveistodegradeasmuchaspossibletolowercontrolcosts.Thus,theoptimaloperatingpointfromthefirm’sperspectiveistotalpollutionbecauseallexternalfailurecostsarepaidforbysomeoneelse.Ecoefficiencyhasnomeaninginthisextremecase.Theroleofgovernmenthereistoconverttheexternalitiestoprivatecosts.Regulationisrequiredtoenableecoefficiency—tomakeitanoperableconcept.
12–4
1.Prevention(SD)
2.Prevention(SD)
3.Internalfailure(SD)
4.Externalfailure(societal)
5.Detection(SD)
6.Prevention(SD)
7.Internalfailure
8.Externalfailure(societal)
9.Detection(SD)
10.Externalfailure(societal)
11.Prevention(SD)
12.Externalfailure(private)
13.Internalfailure(SD)
14.Detection(SD)
15.Internalfailure
16.Detection(SD)
12–5
1.MallettePharmaceuticals
EnvironmentalCostReport
FortheYearEndedDecember31,2006
EnvironmentalCostsPercentage*
Preventioncosts:
Environmentalstudies$120,000
Environmentaltraining75,000$195,0000.33%
Detectioncosts:
Testingforcontamination$600,000
Verifyingsuppliers60,000660,0001.10
Internalfailure:
Treatingtoxicwaste$4,800,000
Operatingequipment840,000
M