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西南大学外国语学院

英语专业本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式规范

I.Introduction

AcademicwritingmayuseAmericanPsychologicalAssociation（APA）Style,ModernLanguageAssociation（MLA）Style,theChicagoStyle,andsoon.ButAPAandMLAaretwocommonlyusedones.Bothcanbefoundin“stylemanuals”bearingtheirnames，forexample,APA’sPublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation（2001）andMLA’sMLAHandbookforWritersofResearchPapers（1999）.

Thechoiceastowhichstyleisappropriateforagivenpapermaybedeterminedbythreefactors:

therequirementsoftheparticularcourse,thestandardforthedisciplineinwhichyouarestudying,oryourindividualpreference.Asafewayistoconsiderwhichstylewillbemostappropriateforyourareaofspecialization.Ifyouarepursuingamajorinthehumanities,considerlearningtheMLAstyle.Ifbehavioralorsocialsciencesarelikelytobeyourinterest,thentheAPAstylemaybemostappropriate.Generally,humanitiesdisciplinesmayincludeliterary,philosophical,cultural,historical,translationstudies,andthelike.Socialsciencesmayincludeappliedlinguistics,psycholinguistics,foreignlanguageteaching,secondlanguageacquisitionstudies,andthelike,whicharemostlyempiricalstudiesinvolvingstatisticanalyses.

II.APAforAcademicWriting:

Essentials

1.Textcitations

Sourcematerialmustbedocumentedinthebodyofthepaperbycitingtheauthor（s）anddate（s）ofthesources.Thereadercanobtainthefullsourcecitationfromthelistofreferencesthatfollowsthebodyofthepaper.

A.Whenthenamesoftheauthorsofasourcearepartoftheformalstructureofthesentence,theyearofpublicationappearsinparenthesesfollowingtheidentificationoftheauthors.Theword“and”isusedbeforethelastauthorwhenmultipleauthorsareidentifiedaspartoftheformalstructureofthesentence.Commasareonlyusedtoseparatethenamesofthreeormore（butnottwo）authorsforasource,forexample,

WirthandMitchell（1994）foundthat....

B.Whentheauthorsofasourcearenotpartoftheformalstructureofthesentence,boththeauthorsandyearsofpublicationappearinparentheses.Theampersand&isusedbeforethelastauthorwhenmultipleauthorsforasourceareidentifiedandcommasareonlyusedtoseparatethenamesofthreeormore（butnottwo）authorsforasource.Andwhenmorethantwosourcesarecitedparenthetically,theyareorderedalphabeticallybyfirstauthors'surnamesandseparatedandjoinedbysemicolonsintheparentheses,forexample,

Reviewsofresearchonreligionandhealthhaveconcludedthatatleastsometypesofreligiousbehaviorsarerelatedtohigherlevelsofphysicalandmentalhealth（Gartner,Larson,&Allen,1991;Koenig,1990;Levin&Vanderpool,1991;Maton&Pargament,1987;Paloma&Pendleton,1991;Payne,Bergin,Bielema,&Jenkins,1991）.

C.Ifpublicationsbytwoormoreprimaryauthorswiththesamesurnamearecited,includethefirstauthors’initialsinalltextcitations,evenifthepublicationdatesdiffer,forexample,

R.D.Luce（1959）andP.A.Luce（1986）alsofound…..

J.M.GoldbergandNeff（1961）andM.E.GoldbergandWurtz（1972）studied……

D.Identifyworksbythesameauthor（orbythesametwoormoreauthorsinthesameorder）withthesamepublicationdatebythesuffixesa,b,c,andsoforthaftertheyear;repeattheyear;separatetheyear-plus-suffixeswithcommas,forexample,

Severalstudies（Johnson,1991a,1991b,1991c;Singh,1983,inpress-a,inpress-b）indicatedthat....

E.Amajorcitationisseparatedfromothercitationswithinparenthesesbythephrase“seealso”usedafterasemicolonandbeforethefirstoftheremainingcitations,whicharearrangedinalphabeticalorder,forexample,

（Minor,2001;seealsoAdams,1999;Storandt,1997）

F.Everyeffortshouldbemadetociteonlysourcesthatyouhaveactuallyread.Whenitisnecessarytociteasourcethatyouhavenotread（“Grayson”inthefollowingexample）butiscitedinasourcethatyouhaveread（“Murzynski&Degelman”inthefollowingexample）,usethefollowingformatforthetextcitationandlistonlythesourceyouhavereadintheReferenceslist,forexample,

Grayson（ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996）suggested…

G.Whenasourcehastwoauthors,bothauthorsareincludedeverytimethesourceiscited.

H.Whenasourcehasthree,four,orfiveauthors,citeallauthorsthefirsttimethesourceiscited;insubsequentcitations,includeonlythefirstauthor'ssurnameand“etal.”andtheyearifitisthefirstcitationofthereferencewithinaparagraph,forexample,

Payne,Bergin,Bielema,andJenkins（1991）showedthat…[Useasfirstcitationintext.]

Payneetal.（1991）showedthat...[Useassubsequentfirstcitationperparagraphthereafter.]

Payneetal.showedthat…[Omityearfromsubsequentcitationsafterfirstcitationwithinaparagraph.]

I.Whenasourcehassixormoreauthors,citeonlythefirstauthor'ssurnamefollowedby“etal.”andtheyearforthefirstandsubsequentcitations.

J.Iftworeferenceswiththesameyearshortentothesameform,citethesurnamesofthefirstauthorsandofasmanyofthesubsequentauthorsasnecessarytodistinguishthetworeferences,followedbyacommaand“etal.”,forexample,

Bradley,Ramirez,andSoo（1994）andBradley,Soo,etal.（1994）

Kosslyn,Koenig,Barrett,etal.（1996）andKosslyn,Koenig,Gabrieli,etal.（1996）

K.IftheEnglishtranslationofanon-Englishworkisusedasthesource,citetheoriginalpublicationdateandthedateofthetranslation,forexample,

Laplace（1814/1951）…

L.Tociteapersonalcommunication（includingletters,emails,andtelephoneinterviews）,includeinitials,surname,andasexactadateaspossible.Asapersonalcommunicationisnot“recoverable”information,itisnotincludedintheReferencessection,forexample,

B.F.Skinner（personalcommunication,February12,1978）claimed....

2.Quotations

Whenadirectquotationisused,alwaysincludetheauthor,year,andpagenumberaspartofthecitation.

A.Aquotationoffewerthan40wordsshouldbeenclosedindoublequotationmarksandshouldbeincorporatedintotheformalstructureofthesentence,forexample,

Patientsreceivingprayerhad“lesscongestiveheartfailure,requiredlessdiureticandantibiotictherapy,hadfewerepisodesofpneumonia,hadfewercardiacarrests,andwerelessfrequentlyintubatedandventilated”（Byrd,1988,p.829）.

B.Alengthierquotationof40ormorewordsshouldappear（withoutquotationmarks）apartfromthesurroundingtext,indouble-spacedblockformat,witheachlineindentedfivespacesfromtheleftmarginbutwithouttheusualopeningparagraphindent.Butwithmorethanoneparagraph,indentthefirstlineofsecondandadditionalparagraphsfivetosevenspacesfromthenewmargin.

C.Enclosedirectquotationswithinablockquotationindoublequotationmarks.Foraquotationinrunningtextthatisalreadyenclosedindoublequotationmarks,usesinglequotationmarkstoenclosequotedmaterial.

D.Typethreeperiodswithaspacebeforeandaftereachperiodtoindicateanomissionwithinasentence.Typefourperiodstoindicateanomissionbetweentwosentences（aperiodforthesentencefollowedbythreespacedperiods）.

E.Whenaperiodorcommaoccurswithclosingquotationmarks,placetheperiodorcommabeforeratherthanafterthequotationmarks.Putotherpunctuationmarks（e.g.,colon,semicolon）outsidequotationmarksunlesstheyarepartofthequotedmaterial.

3.References

AllsourcesincludedintheReferencessectionmustbecitedinthebodyofthepaper（andallsourcescitedinthepapermustbeincludedintheReferencessection）.

A.Pagination:

TheReferencessectionbeginsonanewpage.

B.Heading:

References（centeredonthefirstlinebelowthemanuscriptpageheader）.

C.Format:

Thereferences（withhangingindent）beginonthelinefollowingtheReferencesheading.Entriesareorganizedalphabeticallybysurnamesoffirstauthors.

D.Authors:

Authorsarelistedinthesameorderasspecifiedinthesource,usingsurnamesandinitials.Commasseparateallauthors.Whentherearetwotosixauthors,usetheampersand&afteracommaandbeforethelastauthor.Whentherearesevenormoreauthors,listthefirstsixandthenuse“etal.”forremainingauthors.Ifnoauthorisidentified,thetitleofthedocumentbeginsthereference.

Wolchik,S.A.,West,S.G.,Sandler,I.N.,Tein,J.,Coatsworth,D.,Lengua,L.,etal.（2000）.Anexperimentalevaluation....

One-authorentriesprecedemultiple-authorentriesbeginningwiththesamesurname,forexample,

Alleyne,R.L.（2001）.……

Alleyne,R.L.,&Evans,A.J.（1999）.……

Referenceswithexactlythesameauthor（orauthorsinthesameorder）arearrangedbyyearofpublication,theearliestfirst,forexample,

Hewlett,L.S.（1996）.……

Lewlett,L.S.（1999）.……

Cabading,J.R.,&Wright,K.（2000）.……

Cabading,J.R.,&Wright,K.（2001）.……

Referencesbythesameauthor（orbythesametwoormoreauthorsinthesameorder）withthesamepublicationdatearearrangedalphabeticallybythetitle（excludingA,AnorThe）thatfollowsthedate.However,ifthereferenceswiththesameauthorspublishedinthesameyearareidentifiedasarticlesinaseries（e.g.,Part1andPart2）,orderthereferencesintheseriesorder,notalphabeticallybytitle.Lowercaseletters–a,b,c,andsoon–areplacedimmediatelyaftertheyear,withintheparentheses,forexample,

Baheti,J.R.（2001a）.Control....

Baheti,J.R.（2001b）.Rolesof....

E.Publicationdate:

Publicationdateisputinparenthesesfollowingauthors,withaperiodfollowingtheclosingparenthesis.Ifnopublicationdate