高考英语之高频考点解密十六 阅读理解之主旨大意题.docx
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高考英语之高频考点解密十六阅读理解之主旨大意题
解密16阅读理解之主旨大意题
主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一,旨在考查考生对文章大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。
此类题数量较大,在15个题中约占2-3个。
◆主旨大意题的分类
1.从考查对象上划分,主旨大意题可分为两种
①篇章主旨:
针对全文的主题进行提问。
主题句出现在首段的居多,其次是末段。
②段落主旨:
针对某一段或几段的主题提问。
主题句可能是段落的首句、末句,也可能需要从上下文中寻
找或总结。
2.考查内容上划分,主旨大意题可分为三种
①主题类(内容),考查文章或段落的主旨大意;
②目的类,考查文章或段落的写作目的;
③标题类,要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。
◆设问特点:
1.考查全文主旨或段落大意。
2.正确选项概况范围大小恰当,主旨判断准确。
3.错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题,主观臆断。
4.常以mainidea,bestidea,subject,mainlydiscuss等词提问。
◆常考问题:
1.中心思想类
Themainpoint/ideaofthepassageis…
Thepassageismainlyabout…
Thepassagemainlydiscusses…
Thelastbutoneparagraphischieflyconcernedwith…?
Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?
2.标题类
Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?
Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe…
3.目的类
Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto…
Thepassageismeantto….
Inwritingthispassage,theauthormainlyintendsto…
【名师指导】
文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现,有以下五种情况:
1.中心主题句出现在文首
开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。
这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式,即由一般到特殊,先提出观点,后举例论证,主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。
新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。
新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”,“导语”实际上就是主题句,是对全文内容的高度概括。
大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。
(2018·天津卷)
There’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtocomeintofocus:
food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.
Foodproduction
Witha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat—ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“re-createformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.
Sustainability(可持续性)
Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解胶体)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻类)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients(烹饪原料).3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock"food"thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.
Nutrition
Future3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’sbreadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”
Challenges
Despiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste(糊状物)beforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.
50.Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?
A.3DFoodPrinting:
DeliciousNewTechnology
B.ANewWaytoImprove3DFoodPrinting
C.TheChallengesfor3DFoodProduction
D.3DFoodPrinting:
FromFarmtoTable
【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。
文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展,但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。
文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展,但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。
所以用标题3DFoodPrinting:
DeliciousNewTechnology,故选A。
2.主题句出现在文尾
在细节后,归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果,以概括主题。
这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式,即细节表述的句子在前,概括性的句子居后,主题句则常位于末段。
(2019·全国卷I,D)
Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.
Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:
thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:
statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.
Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”
Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(调查研究).“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus."
Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate-sharing,kindness,openness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.
Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch,Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:
Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too."Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,”hesaid.
32.Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?
A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.
33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?
A.Theclassificationofthepopular.
B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.
C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.
D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior
34.WhatdidDr.Prinstein’sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?
A.Theyappearedtobeaggressive.
B.Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.
C.Theyenjoyedthehigheststatus.
D.Theyperformedwellacademically.
35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.BeNice-YouWon’tFinishLast
B.TheHighertheStatus,theBeer
C.BetheBest-YouCanMakeIt
D.MoreSelf-Control,LessAggressiveness
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。
文章主要讲到研究表明,对别人好,讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。
32.C【解析】推理判断题。
根据第一段Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool,Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus(在美好的小学时光里,我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话,这让我保持了高高的社会地位。
)由此推断出,作者在小学早期时,是一个慷慨的女孩。
unkind不友善的;lonely寂寞的;generous慷慨的;cool冷静的,故选C。
33.A【解析】主旨大意题。
第二段MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:
thelikableandthestatusseekers.(临床心理学教授MitchPrinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:
讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。
)是段落主题句,本段内容分别对thelikable和thestatusseekers做了解释,所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类,故选A。
34.B【解析】推理判断题。
根据第四段Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment(它清楚地表明,可爱可以促使健全的调整),由此推断出,心理学教授MitchPrinstein的研究表明,最有人望的孩子适应性更强,故选B。
35.A【解析】主旨大意题。
通过阅读全文内容,尤其是最后一段,可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎,讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。
与选项A“对别人好——最终,你的收获无穷无尽”一致,故选A。
3.首尾呼应的写作方法
为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。
通常,前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。
Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.
Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.
TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.
AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.
1.Thepassageismainlyabout___________.
A.HowtoPlayLacrosse
B.LacrosseinCanada
C.TheHistoryofLacrosse
D.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada
【答案】D
【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”,显然选项D最符合短文的主题。
4.中心主题隐含在全文之中,没有明确的主题句
阅读这样的文章,就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析,概括出段落的主题,从而推导出文章的主旨。
分析的方法是,先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后加以归纳形成主题。
该类型的试题则迎刃而解。
Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed(无武器的)handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother’shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.“Let’sshake(hands)onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.
DotheEuropeansshakehandswherevertheygoandwithwhomevertheymeet?
No.SometimestheChineseabroadreachouttheirhandstoooftentobepolite.Itisreallyveryimpolitetogiveyourhandwhentheotherparty,especiallywhenitisawoman,showslittleinterestinshakinghandswithyouandwhenthemeetingdoesnotmeanan