大学英语四六级短文写作高分策略.docx
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大学英语四六级短文写作高分策略
大学英语四、六级短文写作高分策略
在英语四、六级写作的文章结构安排上,考生应采用较为稳妥的三段式写法(最多四段),即总—分—总的写法。
因为所要写的文章的题材无论是议论文、书信,还是说明文和描述文,都可以用以下的写作结构:
首段:
综述(引出话题)
中间段:
主题句,接着第一个论据、第二个论据……
(下面还可以再有一个中间扩展段落)
末段:
总结全文,前后呼应
下面我们将介绍打造高分地道作文的一些技巧。
一、开头段精彩、有气势
1、开头段的写作要点
开头段一定要语言精练,并且直接切入主题或引出观点,一般不对主题进行深入的探讨,具体的论证或说明描述应该在中间段落进行,开头段一般写四、五句即可。
开头段的作用是概括陈述主题,提出观点或论点,表明写作意图,在组织开头段时要注意避免以下几点:
1)开头偏离主题太远,导致切题不准,主题不明。
2)使用抱歉或埋怨之词句,因为社会主旋律是倡导积极向上的思想。
3)内容不具体,言之无物,使用不言自明的陈述,给人以充数累赘之感。
常言道:
好的开始是成功的一半。
文章的开篇出色是给评卷者留下好印象的关键。
因此,文章的开头段要适合主题的需要,要有利于下文的展开;简明生动,引人入胜,能激发读者的兴趣;开门见山,揭示文章主题,交代写作目的,唤起读者情感上的共鸣。
开头段的写作根据不同的题目可采取不同的方法,常用的几种写作方法请参考本章第三节写出稿部分。
方法运用恰当,文章的开头段会比平铺直叙更引人入胜,更能激起阅卷人继续读下去的好奇心和兴趣。
2、开篇要有气势
开篇的几句话要有爆发力,充分表现考生的语言水平和写作实力。
因此要把平时积累的优秀句型应用到第一段开篇,以下是开篇的经典句式:
1)Recently,sth.(theproblemof…)hasbeenbroughttopublicattention(hasbecomethefocusofpublicconcern).
2)Thereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheissueof….Thosewhoobjectto…arguethat….Butpeoplewhofavor…,ontheotherhand,arguethat….
3)Currently(Inrecentyears/Inthepastfewyears),thereis(hasbeen)ageneral(widespread/growing/widelyheld)feelingtowards(concernover/attitudetowards/trendtowards/beliefin)….
4)Thereisnodenying/doubtthat…But…
5)Anyonewhotakesacloserlookatthedatainthetable/graphcanbesurprisedtofindthat…
6)Nowitiscommonly(widely/generally/increasingly)believed(thought/held/accepted/felt/acknowledged)that….ButIwonder(doubt)whether…
7)Ithaslongbeenconsideredonlyrightandproperto…(inChina).
8)Asopposedtogenerallyacceptedviews,Ibelievethat…
9)Withthedevelopmentof…,vastchangesawaitourcollegestudents(oursociety/ourcountry).
10)Whenitcomesto(Facedwith)….,mostpeople(thepublic/quiteafewpeople)maintain(argue/contend)that….,butotherpeopleconceivedifferently.
11)Apublicdebatehasarisenasto(over/concerning)…
12)Weoftenfindourselvescaught(involved)inadilemma(窘境)whether…
13)IagreewiththeabovestatementbecauseIbelievethat….
14)AsfarasIamconcerned,however,Ibelievethat….
15)Onthesurface(Atfirstthought),itmayseemasound(anattractive)suggestion(solution/idea),butonsecondthought(oncloseranalysis),wefindthat…
二、中间段论证充分、流畅自然
1、中间段的写作要点
中间段的任务是依据开头段所交代的内容来阐述文章的论点,围绕主题或论点展开讨论,或就具体要求进行描述和说明。
中间段是文章的正文,其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。
中间段篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长,每段有相应的主题句,包含定义、解释、描写等手法,说明主题思想的扩展句采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段,当然不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段,这在第一章的第五节关于段落的展开方法部分详细讲过。
中间段要有以下特点:
1)所涉及内容应该准确、清楚,颇具说服力;
2)段落中一定具备主题句(最好放在句首);
3)段落内容应该保持完整、统一,没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节;
4)内容顺序安排合理,逻辑性较强;
5)段落之间连贯自然;
6)段落中讨论的内容主次分明,材料比例适当;
7)词与句型运用合理并且有变化。
2、文字通顺连贯,善用过渡词或词组
英语中的过渡句和连接词是文章通顺连贯的重要标志,复合句内部必须要有连接词,有时句子之间也需要连接词,而连接词体现的是句子内部和句子之间严谨的逻辑和论证推理关系,是英文语言最大的价值之一。
当然段与段之间还需要过渡句或过渡词组来加以联系,以达到通顺之效果。
大家如果在写作中恰当应用过渡词语,会增加文章的可读性,使文章层次分明,以下是我们对写作中英文逻辑关系以及引导各种逻辑关系连接词和词组的归纳:
1)总结关系过渡词语
generallyspeaking,generally,asageneralrule,ingeneral,onalargerscale,totaketheideafurther,inasense,inaway,tosomeextent,inmyopinion,inmyview,asforme,asfarasIamconcerned,obviously,undoubtedly,intermsof,inconclusion,inshort,inbrief,insummary,inaword,onthewhole,tosumup,toconclude
2)比较对比关系过渡词语
similarly,likewise,like,too,equallyimportant,thesameas,incommon,inthesameway,onthecontrary,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,otherwise,insharpcontrast,whereas,ratherthan,conversely,instead,in/bycontrast,but,however,yet,nevertheless
3)列举关系过渡词语
forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asacaseinpoint,suchas,namely,thatis,like,thus,first,second,third,finally,inthefirstplace,initially,firstofall,tobeginwith,tostartwith,whatismore,furthermore,eventually,besides,inaddition(tothat),firstandforemost,lastbutnotleast,next,also,moreover,foronething,foranother
4)因果关系过渡词语
because(of),as,since,for,owingto,dueto,thanksto,onaccountof,asaresultof,resultin(from),consequently,forthereasonthat,asaconsequence,consequently,itfollowsthat,accordingly,therefore,hence
5)让步关系过渡词语
although,eventhough,afterall,inspiteof,despite,grantedthat
6)强调关系过渡词语
anyway,certainly,surely,obviously,tobesure,especially,particularly,aboveall,indeed,infact,evenworse,needlesstosay,mostimportantofall,nodoubt
7)递进关系
inaddition,furthermore,also,moreover,besides,again,and,likewise,what’smore
8)时间顺序
afterwards,atlast,atlength,immediately,inthemeantime,lately,meanwhile,presently,shortly,since,soon,temporarily,thereafter,while
9)方位序列
infrontof,beside,beyond,above,below,inside,outside,ontheleft,ontheright,opposite,nextto.
10)方式手段
as,asif,asthough,theway,by
11)目的关系
sothat,that,lest,incase,forfearthat,inorderthat
3、套用核心句型,打造精彩段落
中间段如果套用一些句型引出主题句和各个扩展句,会使文章层次更加分明、眉清目秀。
常用的的核心句型归纳如下,大家可根据自己的习惯和需要选择使用:
1)Althoughthepopularbeliefisthat…,acurrent(new/recent)study(survey/poll/investigation)indicates(shows/demonstrates)that….
2)Theincrease(change/failure/success)in…mainly(largely/partly)resultsfrom(arisesfrom/isbecauseof)….
3)Theincrease(change/failure/success)in…isdueto(owingto/attributableto)thefactthat….
4)Therearemany(different/several/anumberof/avarietyof)causes(reasons)forthisdramatic(marked/significant)growth(change/decline/increase)in….Firstly,….Secondly,….Finally,….
5)Whyare(is/do/did)…?
Foronething,….Foranother,….
6)AnotherreasonwhyIdisputetheabovestatementisthat….
7)Therearenumerousreasonswhy…,andIshallhereexploreonlyafewofthemostimportantones.
8)Itwillexert(have/produce)profound(far-reaching/remarkable/considerable/beneficial/favorable/undesirable/disastrous)effect(influence)on….
9)Amultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfor(contributeto/leadto/resultin/influence)thechange(increase/decrease/success/failure/development)in….
10)In2000,itincreased(rose/jumped/shotup)from5to10percentofthetotal(to15percent/by15percent).
11)Bycomparisonwith2002,itdecreased(dropped/fell)from10to5percent(to15percent/by15percent).
12)Accordingtoa(an)recent(new/official)study(survey/report/poll),….
13)History(Oursociety)isfilled(abounds)withtheexamplesof….
14)Thestory(case/instance/situation)isnotrare(isolated/unique),itisoneofmanyexamples(typicalofdozens).
15)Arecentstudyconductedatauniversitybyscientistsindicates(reveals/suggests/shows/demonstrates)that….
16)Accordingto(Ascanbeseenin/Asisshownin)thefigures(statistics/graph/table)releasedbythegovernment,itcanbelearned(seen/predicted)that….
17)Wemustadmittheundeniablefactthat….
18)Noonecandeny(ignore/doubt/overlook/brushaside)thefactthat….
19)Thesameistrueof….
20)Asthesayinggoes,“….”
三、结尾段要有特色
1、使用特殊句式
文章的结尾不好,苍白平淡,会给人虎头蛇尾的感觉,很有可能因为一句话而减弱前面的文采印象,所以要有意识的安排一个闪光点在结尾,让阅卷老师读到结尾时眼睛一亮。
我们可以通过强调句、倒装句、使用虚拟语气的句子、平行结构等特殊句式来达到这一目的。
例如:
(1)Inconclusion,itisthepeasantswhoareplayinganessentialroleintheconstructionofthecities,thusweshouldplacemoreemphasisontheirlivesinsteadofdespisingthem.(强调句)
(2)Onlyinthiswaycanlaid-offworkerscompletelyshrugoffpovertyandregaintheirdignityinlife.(倒装句)
(3)Givenalltheabovearguments,itishightimethattheauthoritiesenforcedsomereformstoconverttraditionaleducationstrategiesintoquality-orientededucation.(虚拟)
(4)Inshort,wecanamuseourselvesbylisteningtomusicofallschoolsandallperiods,oldandnew,conservativeandmodern.(平行结构)
结尾段是文章的总结和主题思想的升华,它就起到再次肯定和强调主题的作用。
好的结尾段应简短有力,言简意赅,意味深长。
总之,文章的结尾应该遵循两条原则:
一是照应开头;二是总结全文,给读者一个完整的印象。
和文章的开头一样,文章的结尾方法也是多种多样的,而非千篇一律。
常见方法请参考第三节写出稿部分。
2、套用经典句型,干脆利落收尾
结尾段篇幅不长却在全文中起着非常重要的作用,如果套用一些经典句型来对全篇进行总结、归纳或提出结论性的观点,会显得更加干脆利落。
现将常用的收尾核心句型归纳如下,大家可根据自己的习惯和需要选择使用:
1)Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove(Takingintoaccountallthesefactors/Judgingfromallevidenceoffered),wemaysafelydraw(reach/cometo/arriveat)theconclusionthat….
2)Alltheevidencesupports(justifies/confirms/pointsto)a(an)unshakable(sound/just)conclusionthat….
3)Itishightimethatweplace(lay/put)great(special/considerable)emphasisontheimprovement(development/increase/promotion)of….
4)Itishightimethatweputanendtothedeep-seated(unhealthy/undesirable)situation(tendency/phenomenon)of….
5)Thereisnoeasy(immediate/effective)solution(approach/answer/remedy)totheproblemof…,but…mightbeuseful(helpful/beneficial).
6)Noeasymethod(solution/recipe/remedy)canbefoundtosolve(resolve/tackle)theproblemof…,butthecommonrealizationoftheimportance(significance)of…mightbethefirststeptowardschange.
7)Followingthesemethodsmaynotguaranteethesuccessin…,butthepay-offwillbeworththeeffort.
8)Obviously(Clearly/Nodoubt),ifweignore(areblindto)theproblem,thereiseverychancethat….
9)Unlessthereisacommonrealizationof…,itisverylikely(thechancesare)that….
10)Thereislittledoubt(nodenying)thatserious(special/adequate/immediate/further)attentionmustbecalled(paid/devoted)totheproblemof….
11)Itisnecessary(essential/fundamental)thateffectiveactionshouldbetakentoprevent(correct/end/fight)thesituation(tendency/phenomenon).
12)Itishopedthatgreateffortsshouldbemadetocontrol(check/halt/promote)thegrowth(increase/rise)of….
13)Itishopedthatgreat