国际商法复习资料.docx

国际商法复习资料.docx

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国际商法复习资料

国际商法

题型：

一、翻译题：

中翻英；英翻中；（短句）15分

二、判断题20分

三、简答题30分

四、案例题35分

Lecture2FormationoftheContract

1．公司成立的条件----双方约定、承诺（acceptance）

外部条件的符合

公司生效

2.什么是offer,什么是有效的offer?

什么是invitationofoffer?

（1）Anofferisaproposaladdressedtospecificpersonsindicatinganintentionbytheofferortobeboundtothesaleorpurfchaseofparticulargoodsforaprice.

（2）Aninvitationtoofferorinvitationtotreatissimplyanexpressionofwillingnesstoenterintonegotiationswhich,itishoped,willleadtotheconclusionofacontractatalaterdate.

（3）EffectivenessofanOffer：

Anofferbecomeseffectiveonlyafteritreachestheofferee.

3.区分offer（要约）与invitationofoffer（要约邀请）

要约邀请与要约的区别：

a.要约邀请是指一方邀请对方向自己发出要约，而要约是一方向他方发出订立合同的意思表示；　　

b.要约邀请不是一种意思表示，而是一种事实行为。

要约是希望他人和自己订立合同的意思表示，是法律行为；　　

c.要约邀请只是引诱他人向自己发出要约，在发出邀请要约邀请人撤回其中邀请，只要未给善意相对人造成信赖利益的损失，邀请人并不承担法律责任，以下四个法律文件为要约邀请：

寄送的价目表、拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书。

4.Offer特殊情况：

广告；超市。

（要约邀请or要约？

）

（1）Displayofgoodsforsaleinasupermarket

Case:

PharmaceuticalsocietyofGBv.BootsCashChemists

Bootsorganizedtheirshoponaself-servicebasis.Theywerechargedwithabreachofsection18

（1）ofthePharmacyandPoisonsAct1933,whichrequiredthatasaleofdrugstakeplaceunderthesupervisionofaregisteredpharmacist.Therewasnopharmacistpresentclosetotheshelves,butapharmacistsupervisedthetransactionatthecashdeskandwasauthorizedtopreventacustomerfrompurchasinganydrugifhethoughtfittodoso.

（2）Advertisement

Thegeneralruleisthatacommercialadvertisementisaninvitationtotreatratherthananoffer.InGermany,advertisementisonlyainvitationtooffer.Whileincommonlawlegalsystem,ifitcanbeprovedthatthemakeroftheadvertisementiswillingtobeboundbytheadvertisementandtheadvertisementhasclearlyprovidedsufficientinformationofthegoods,advertisementcanalsobeoffer.

CISG:

anadvertisementispresumedtobeaninvitationunlessthecontraryisclearlyindictedbythepersonmakingtheproposal.

（3）Casestudy:

Carlillv.CarbolicSmokeBall

Thedefendants,whowerethemanufacturersofthecarbolicsmokeball,issuedanadvertisementinwhichtheyofferedtopay100poundtoanypersonwhocaughtfluafterhavingusedoneoftheirsmokeballsinthespecifiedmanner,andtheydeposited1,000poundinthebanktoshowtheirgoodfaith.Theclaimantcaughtfluafterusingthesmokeballinthespecifiedmanner.Shesuedforthe100pound.

Thejudgeheldthattheadvertisementisanoffertothewholeworldandthatacontractwasmadewiththosepersonswhoperformedtheconditiononthefaithoftheadvertisement.

发出生效？

到达生效？

5.区分offer什么时候被撤销（revocation）与撤回（withdrawal）

（1）Revocation

Offersthatdonotstatethattheyareirrevocablecanberevokedanytimebeforetheoffereedispatchesanacceptance.

（2）Withdrawal

（3）Terminationofoffer

A:

a.Theofferororoffereedied.

b.Noacceptancewassentbeforetheofferexpires.

c.Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametime

astheoffer.要约被撤回

d.Untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedan

acceptance.要约被撤销

B:

However,anoffercannotberevokedunderCISG:

（a）ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable;or

（b）ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.

e.Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor.

（4）CaseofRevocationofoffer

Byrnev.VanTienhoven

Thedefendantssenttheclaimantsanofferon1October,whichreachedclaimantson10October,theclaimantacceptedtheofferbyfaxon11October.However,inthemeantime,thedefendantshadsent,on8October,aletterrevokingtheiroffer,whichreachedtheclaimantson20October.

Itwasheldthatacontractwasconcludedbetweenthepartieson11Octoberbecausethepurportedwithdrawalcouldnottakeeffectuntil20October.

6.合同的发出、撤回、有效、生效

7.承诺Acceptance：

到达生效？

（大陆）要约生效？

（英美）

承诺能被撤销？

（X）撤回？

（大陆V）

要约：

到达生效

承诺生效的时间=合同生效的时间？

（1）Acceptance

Theacceptanceistheofferee’smanifestationoftheintentiontobeboundtothetermsoftheoffer.

Theconditionsofacceptance:

a.Anacceptancemustbemadebeforetheofferexpires.

b.Theacceptancemustbeunconditionalandabsolute,withthesamecontentsastheoffer.

c.Theacceptancemustbemadebyoffereetoofferor.

（2）TimeofAcceptance

Acceptancemustbereceivedbytheofferorwithinthetimeperiodspecifiedintheoffer.Ifnotimeperiodisgiven,acceptancemustbereceivedwithinareasonabletime.Iftheofferisoral,theacceptancemustbemadeimmediately,unlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.

Civillawcountries–receipttheory

Theacceptancetakeseffectonlyafteritreachestheoffeor.

Commonlawcountries–mailboxrule

Theacceptancetakeseffectwhenitissentnomatterwhetherthemailislostintransit.

Withdrawal

Becauseanacceptanceisnormallynoteffectiveuntiltheofferorreceivesit,anoffereemaywithdrawhisacceptanceanytimebeforeorsimultaneouswithitsreceipt.

（3）AcceptancewithModifications

Apurportedacceptancewhichdoesnotacceptallthetermsandconditionsproposedbytheofferorbutwhichinfactintroducesnewtermsisnotanacceptancebutacounter-offer,whichisthentreatedasnewoffer.Theeffectofthecounter-offeristokillofftheoriginaloffersothatitcannotsubsequentlybeacceptedbytheofferee.（mirrorimagerule）

Case:

Hydev.Wrench

Thedefendantofferedtosellsomelandtotheclaimantfor1000,andtheclaimantrepliedbyofferingtopurchasethelandfor950.Thedefendantrefused.Sotheclaimantagreedtopay1000.Butthedefendantstillrefusedtosell.

Didacontractconcludebetweentheparties?

（4）FormofAcceptance：

Byword

Bywrittenform

ByPerformanceofanAct

Silence

8.“镜像规则”（mirrorimagerule）是普通法上的传统制度，1887年的Langellierv。

Shaefer一案中曾对这一规则做出经典的归纳：

“一方对另一方所发出的交易要约施加责任于前者，除非后者根据要约的条款对其予以承诺。

任何对这些条款的修改和背离都将使要约无效，除非要约方同意这种修改和背离。

”

“镜像规则”，要求承诺严格地与要约相符，否则将被视为反要约。

Exceptionofmirrorimagerule/BattleofForms

Areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance,unlesstheofferor,withoutunduedelay,objectsorallytothediscrepancyordispatchesanoticetothateffect.Ifhedoesnotsoobject,thetermsofthecontractarethetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance.

Additionalordifferenttermsrelating,amongotherthings,totheprice,payment,qualityandquantityofthegoods,placeofdelivery,extentofoneparty’sliabilitytotheotherorthesettlementofdisputesareconsideredtoalterthetermsoftheoffermaterially.

Lecture3EnforceabilityoftheContract

1.ElementsAffecttheEnforceability

1）CapacityofParties

2）IntentionofParties

Misrepresentation

Duress

Undueinfluence

Mistake

3）Illegality

4）Consideration

2.CapacityofParties

Capacitymeanstheabilitytoincurlegalobligationsandacquirelegalrights.Today,theprimaryclassesofpeoplewhoareconsideredtolackcapacityareminors,personssufferingfrommentalillnessesordefects,andintoxicatedpersons.

3.CapacityofMinors

Aminorisapersonundertheageof18.Thelawusuallyadoptsaparticularlyprotectiveattitudetowardsminors.

Theexerciseofthisrighttoavoidacontractiscalleddisaffirmance.Therighttodisaffirmispersonaltotheminor.Thatis,onlytheminororalegalrepresentativesuchasaguardianmaydisaffirmthecontract.

18岁以下：

未成年人--------不是有效合同

Eg:

InUK

Thegeneralruleisthataminorisnotboundbyacontractwhichheentersintoduringhisminority.Buttheruleissubjecttosomeexceptions.

a.Acontracttosupplyaminorwithnecessariesisbindingupontheminorwherethecontractasawholeisforthebenefitoftheminor.

b.Aminorisboundbyacontractofemploymentifthatcontractisgenerallyforhisbenefit.

c.Certaincontractswithminorsarenotvoidbutonlyavoidable,thatis,thecontractisvalidandbindingupontheminorunlessherepudiatesliabilitybeforemajorityorwithinareasonabletimethereafter.

4.CapacityofMentallyImpairedPersons

Thecontractsofpeoplewhoaresufferingfromamentaldefectatthetimeofcontractingareusuallyconsideredtobeavoidable.Butthementalimpairedpersonneedstoprovehismentalcapacitywasinferiorwhenhemadethedecision.

5.ContractsofIntoxicatedPersons

IntoxicationandCapacity

Intoxicationcandepriveapersonofcapacitytocontract.Themerefactthatapartytoacontracthadbeendrinkingwhenthecontractwasformedwouldnotnormallyaffecthiscapacitytocontract.Intoxicationisagroundforlackofcapacityonlywhenitissoextremethatthepersonisunabletounderstandthenatureofthebusinessathand.

CivilCapacityinChina

民事行为能力是指民事法律关系主体通过自己的行为取得民事权利、承担民事义务的能力。

（1）fullcapacity:

Acitizenaged18orovershallbeanadult.Heshallhavefullcapacityforcivilconduct,mayindependentlyengageincivilactivitiesandshallbecalledapersonwithfullcapacityforcivilconduct.

Acitizenwhohasreachedtheageof16butnottheageof18andwhosemainsourceofincomeishisownlabourshallberegardedasapersonwithfullcapacityforcivilconduct.

（l）完全民事行为能力的人。

十八周岁以上的公民是成年人，具有完全民事行为能力。

对于十六周岁以上不满十八周岁的公民，如果是以自己的劳动收人为主要生活来源的，亦视为有完全民事行为能力的人。

他们都可以独立进行民事活动，包括订立各种合同。

（2）Limitedcapacity

Aminoraged10orovershallbea