英语二 手译本 可打印02.docx

英语二 手译本 可打印02.docx

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英语二手译本可打印02

2019

　Text1

　　Unlikeso-calledbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,andanger,guiltemergesalittlelater,inconjunctionwithachild’sgrowinggraspofsocialandmoralnorms.

Childrenaren’tbornknowinghowtosay“I’msorry”;rather,theylearnovertimethatsuchstatementsappeaseparentsandfriends--andtheirownconsciences.0

Thisiswhyresearchersgenerallyregardso-calledmoralguilt,intherightamount,tobeagoodthing.

　Inthepopularimagination,ofcourse,guiltstillgetsabadrap.Itisdeeplyuncomfortable--it'stheemotionalequivalentofwearingajacketweightedwithstones.Yetthisunderstandingisoutdated.“

Therehasbeenakindofrevivalorarethinkingaboutwhatguiltisandwhatroleguiltcanserve,”saysAmrishaVaish,

apsychologyresearcherattheUniversityofVirginia,addingthatthisrevivalispartofalargerrecognitionthatemotionsaren’tbinary--feelingsthatmaybeadvantageousinonecontextmaybeharmfulinanother.

Jealousyandanger,forexample,mayhaveevolvedtoalertustoimportantinequalities.Toomuchhappinesscanbedestructive.

　　Andquilt,bypromptingustothinkmoredeeplyaboutourgoodness,canencouragehumanstomakeupforerrorsandfixrelationships.

Guilt,inotherwords,canhelpholdacooperativespeciestogether.Itisakindofsocialglue.

　Viewedinthislight,guiltisanopportunity.WorkbyTinaMalti,apsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofToronto,suggeststhatguiltmaycompensateforanemotionaldeficiency

.Inanumberofstudies,Maltiandothershaveshownthatguiltandsympathymayrepresentdifferentpathwaystocooperationandsharing

.SomeKidswhoarelowinsympathymaymakeupforthatshortfallbyexperiencingmoreguilt,whichcanreinintheirnastierimpulses.Andviceversa:

Highsympathycansubstituteforlowguilt.

　Ina2014study,forexample,Maltilookedat244children

.Usingcaregiverassessmentsandthechildren’sself-observations,sheratedeachchild’soverallsympathylevelandhisorhertendencytofeelnegativeemotionsaftermoraltransgressions.

Thenthekidswerehandedchocolatecoins,andgivenachancetosharethemwithananonymouschild.Forthelow-sympathykids,howmuchtheysharedappearedtoturnonhowinclinedtheyweretofeelguilty.

Theguilt-proneonessharemore,eventhoughtheyhadn’tmagicallybecomemoresympathetictotheotherchild’sdeprivation.

“That’sgoodnews,”Maltisays,“Wecanbeprosocialbecausewecausedharmandwefeelregret.”

　Text2

　　Forestsgiveusshade,quietandoneofthehardercallengesinthefightagainstclimatechange.

Evenaswehumanscountonforeststosoakupagoodshareofthecarbondioxideweproduce,wearethreateningtheirabilitytodoso.

Theclimatechangewearehasteningcouldonedayleaveuswithforeststhatemitmorecarbonthantheyabsorb.

Thankfully,thereisawayoutofthistrap-butitinvolvesstrikingasubtlebalance.

Helpingforestsflourishasvaluable"carbonsinks"longintothefuturemayrequirereducingtheircapacitytoabsorbcarbonnow.

Califormiaisleadingtheway,asitdoesonsomanyclimateefforts,infiguringoutthedetails.

Thestate'sproposedForestCarbonPlanaimstodoubleeffortstothinoutyoungtreesandclearbrushinpartsoftheforest

.Thistemporarilylowerscarbon-carryingcapacity.Buttheremainingtreesdrawagreatershareoftheavailablemoisture,sotheygrowandthrive,restoringtheforest'scapacitytopullcarbonfromtheair.

Healthytreesarealsobetterabletofendoffinsects.Thelandscapeisrenderedlesseasilyburnable.Evenintheeventofafire,fewertreesareconsumed.

Theneedforsuchplanningisincreasinglyurgent.Already,since2010,droughtandinsectshavekilledover100milliontreesinCalifornia,mostofthemin2016alone,andwildfireshaveburnedhundredsofthousandsofacres.

　Californiaplanstotreat35,000acresofforestayearby2020,and60,000by2030-financedfromtheproceedsofthestate'semissions-permitauctions

.That'sonlyasmallshareofthetotalacreagethatcouldbenefit,abouthalfamillionacresinall,soitwillbevitaltoprioritizeareasatgreatestriskoffireordrought.

　　Thestrategyalsoaimstoensurethatcarboninwoodymaterialremovedfromtheforestsislockedawayintheformofsolidlumberorburnedasbiofuelinvehiclesthatwouldotherwiserunonfossilfuels

.Newresearchontransportationbiofuelsisalreadyunderway.

　Stategovernmentsarewellaccustomedtomanagingforests,buttraditionallythey'vefocusedonwildlife,watershedsandopportunitiesforrecreation.

Onlyrecentlyhavetheycometoseethevitalpartforestswillhavetoplayinstoringcarbon.

Califormia'splan,whichisexpectedtobefinalizedbythegovernornextyear,shouldserveasamodel.

　Text3

　　Americanfarmershavebeencomplainingoflaborshortagesforseveralyearsnow.

Givenamulti-yeardeclineinillegalimmigration,andasimilarlysustainedpickupintheU.S.jobmarket,thecomplaintsareunlikelytostopwithoutanoverhaulofimmigrationrulesforfarmworkers.

　　Effortstocreateamorestraightforwardagricultural-workersvisathatwouldenableforeignworkerstostaylongerintheU.S

.andchangejobswithintheindustryhavesofarfailedinCongress

.Ifthisdoesn’tchange,Americanbusinesses,communitiesandconsumerswillbethelosers.

　PerhapshalfofU.S.farmlaborersareundocumentedimmigrants

.AsfewersuchworkersentertheU.S.,thecharacteristicsoftheagriculturalworkforcearechanging.Today’sfarmlaborers,whilestillpredominantlyborninMexico,aremorelikelytobesettled,ratherthanmigrating,andmorelikelytobemarriedthansingle.

Theyarealsoaging.Atthestartofthiscentury,aboutone-thirdofcropworkerswereovertheageof35.Now,morethanhalfare

.Andcroppickingishardonolderbodies.Oneoft-debatedcureforthislaborshortageremainsasimplausibleasithasbeenallalong:

NativeU.S.workerswon’tbereturningtothefarm.

Mechanizationisnottheanswereither—notyetatleast.Productionofcorn,cotton,rice,soybeansandwheathavebeenlargelymechanized,butmanyhigh-value,labor-intensivecrops,suchasstrawberries,needlabor

.Evendairyfarms,whererobotscurrentlydoonlyasmallshareofmilking,havealongwaytogobeforetheyareautomated.

　Asaresult,farmshavegrownincreasinglyreliantontemporaryguestworkersusingtheH-2Avisatofillthegapsintheagriculturalworkforce

.Startingaround2012,requestsforthevisasrosesharply;from2011to2016thenumberofvisasissuedmorethandoubled.

　TheH-2Avisahasnonumericalcap,unliketheH-2Bvisafornonagriculturalwork,whichislimitedto66,000annually

.Evenso,employersfrequentlycomplainthattheyaren’tallottedalltheworkerstheyneed.Theprocessiscumbersome,expensiveandunreliable.

OnesurveyfoundthatbureaucraticdelaysledH-2Aworkerstoarriveonthejobanaverageof22dayslate.Andtheshortageiscompoundedbyfederalimmigrationraids,whichremovesomeworkersanddriveothersunderground.

　Ina2012survey，71percentoftree-fruitgrowersandnearly80percentofraisinandberrygrowerssaidtheywereshortoflabor.

SomewesterngrowershaverespondedbymovingoperationstoMexico.

From1998-2000,14.5percentofthefruitAmericansconsumedwasimported.Littlemorethanadecadelater,theshareofimportedfruithadincreasedto25.8percent.

　Text4

　　AmoldSchwarzenegger,DiaMirzaandAdrianGrenierhaveamessageforyou:

It'seasytobeatplastic.

They'repartofabunchofcelebritiesstarringinanewvideoforWorldEnvironmentDay—encouragingyou,theconsumer,toswapoutyoursingle-useplasticstapleslikestrawsandcutlerytocombattheplasticscrisis.

　　ThekeymessagesthathavebeenputtogetherforWorldEnvironmentDaydoincludeacallforgovernmentstoenactlegislationtocurbsingle-useplastics.

Buttheoverarchingmessageisdirectedatindividuals.

　　Myconcernwithleavingituptotheindividual,however,isourlimitedsenseofwhatneedstobeachieved

.Ontheirown,takingourownbagstothegrocerystoreorquittingplasticstraws,forexample,willaccomplishlittleandrequireverylittleofus.

Theycouldevenbedetrimental,satisfyinganeedtohave"doneourbit"withouteverprogressingontobigger,bolder,moreeffectiveactions—akindof"morallicensing"thatallaysourconcernsandstopsusdoingmoreandaskingmoreofthoseincharge.

　Whiletheconversationaroundourenvironmentandourresponsibilitytowarditremainscenteredonshoppingbagsandstraws,we'reignoringthebalanceofpowerthatimpliesthatas"consumers"wemustshopsustainably,

ratherthanas"citizens"holdourgovernmentsandindustriestoaccounttopushforrealsystemicchange.

　It'simportanttoacknowledgethattheenvironmentisn'teveryone'spriority–orevenmostpeople's.

Weshouldn'texpectittobe.Inherlatestbook,WhyGoodPeopleDoBadEnvironmentalThings,WellesleyCollegeprofessorElizabethR.

DeSombrearguesthatthebestwaytocollectivelychangethebehavioroflargenumbersofpeopleisforthechangetobestructural.

Thismightmeanimplementingpolicysuchasaplastictaxthataddsacosttoenvironmentallyproblematicaction,orbanningsingle-useplasticsaltogether.

Indiahasjustannounceditwill"eliminateallsingle-useplasticinthecountryby2022."Therearealsoincentive-basedwaysofmakingbetterenvironmentalchoiceseasier,suchasensuringrecyclingisatleastaseasyastrashdisposal.

DeSombreisn'tsayingpe