语言学学名词解释.docx

语言学学名词解释.docx

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语言学学名词解释

语言学学名词解释

1）Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificorsystematicstudyof（human）language.

a.ThewordlanguageprecededbyzeroarticleinEnglishimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,e.g.English,Chinese,FrenchandJapanese,butlanguagesingeneral.

b.Thewordstudydoesnotmean“learn”but“investigate”.

c.Thewordscientificreferstothewayinwhich

languageisstudied.

Itisascienceinthesensethatitscientificallystudiestherules,systemsandprinciplesofhumanlanguages.Itdealswithawiderangeoflinguisticphenomena,analyzesthem,andmakesgeneralstatementsaboutthem.

2）Linguisticsisalwaysguidedbythe3canonsofscience:

（ece）

exhaustiveness:

itstrivesforthorough-goingnessintheexaminationofrelevantmaterials;

consistency:

thereshouldbenocontradictionbetweendifferentpartsofthetotalstatement

economy:

otherthingsbeingequal,ashorterstatementoranalysisistobepreferredtoonethatislongerormorecomplex.（ece）

3）Thesubjectmatteroflinguisticsisallnaturallanguage,livingordead.

4）Linguisticshas2mainpurposes:

itstudiesthenatureoflanguageandtriestoestablishatheoryoflanguage,anddescribeslanguagesinthelightofthetheoryestablished.

Itexaminesalltheformsoflanguageingeneralandseeksascientificunderstandingofthewaysinwhichitisorganizedtofulfilltheneedsitservesandthefunctionsitperformsinhumanlife

linguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaratleastin3basicways:

Linguisticsdescribeslanguagesanddoesnotlaydownrulesofcorrectness.Linguistsareinterestedinwhatissaid.Sotheyareoftensaidtobedescriptive.

Linguistsregardthespokenlanguageasprimary.Itisbelievedthatspeechcameintobeingfirstforanyhumanlanguageandthewritingsystemcamealongmuchlater.

TraditionalgrammarisbasedonLatinandittriestoimposetheLatincategoriesandstructuresonotherlanguages,whilelinguisticsdescribeseachlanguageonitsownmerits.

Forastudentoflanguage,someknowledgeoflinguisticsisofbothinterestandimportance.

Forateacherofforeignlanguages,hewilldefinitelyagreatdealfromtheknowledgeoflinguistics.

Foraresearcher,thereisevenmorescopefordisplayinghisabilities.

Whystudylinguistics?

1.Linguisticstakesananalyticalapproachtothestudyoflanguage,andfocusondevelopingskillsindataanalysis,problemsolving,andlogicalthinkingthatcanbeappliedtomanyfields.

2.Itisaninterdisciplinarysubject.

3.Linguisticsisasciencethatisstillinitsinfancybutundergoingrapiddevelopment,anditis“apilotscience”.

Whatandhowlinguistsstudylanguage?

1.natureoflanguage（focusonlanguageitself）

2.natureofacquisition（focusonlearners）

3.natureofteaching（focusonteachers）

Theprocessoflinguisticstudycanbesummarizedasfollows:

betweenlanguageandsociety:

howsocialfactorsinfluencethestructureanduseoflanguage.Anothernameforsociolinguisticsisthesociologyoflanguage.

Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageandmind:

thementalstructuresandprocesseswhichareinvolvedintheacquisition,comprehensionandproductionoflanguage.Neurolinguisticsorneurologicallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageprocessingandlanguagerepresentationinthebrain.

Stylisticsisthestudyofhowliteraryeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfeatures.Itusuallyreferstothestudyofwrittenlanguage,includingliterarytexts,butitalsoinvestigatesspokenlanguagesometimes.

Discourseanalysis,ortextlinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthecontextsinwhichlanguageisused.

Computationallinguisticsisanapproachtolinguisticswhichemploysmathematicaltechniques,oftenwiththehelpofacomputer.

Cognitivelinguisticsisanapproachtotheanalysisofnaturallanguagethatfocusesonlanguageasaninstrumentfororganizing,processing,andconveyinginformation.

Apartfromthedifferentbranchesoflinguistics,therearesomedistinctionsoflinguistics,suchas:

functionallinguisticsvsformallinguistics;theoreticallinguisticsvsappliedlinguistics.

Appliedlinguisticsisprimarilyconcernedwiththeapplicationoflinguistictheories,methodsandfindingstotheelucidationoflanguageproblemswhichhaveariseninotherareasofexperience.

Phonetics（语音学）:

Phoneticsisthescientificstudyofspeechsounds.

Itstudieshowspeechsoundsarearticulated,transmitted,andreceived.Itisapurescienceandexaminesspeechsoundsingeneral.

Phonetics:

Thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds.

Phonology（音系学/音位学）:

Thedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.

Phonologyisthestudyofhowspeechsoundsfunctioninalanguage.Itstudiesthewaysspeechsoundsareorganized.Itcanbeseenasthefunctionalphoneticsofaparticularlanguage.

Morphology（形态学，词法学）:

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords.

Morphologyisthestudyoftheformationofwords.Itisabranchoflinguisticswhichbreakswordsintomorphemes.

Syntax（句法学）:

Thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences.

Syntaxdealswiththecombinationofwordsintophrases,clausesandsentences.Itisthegrammarofsentenceconstruction.

Semantics（语义学）isabranchoflinguisticswhichisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaninginabstraction.

Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuse.Itdealswithhowspeakersuselanguageinwayswhichcannotbepredictedfromlinguisticknowledgealone,andhowhearersarriveattheintendedmeaningofspeakers.Inabroadsense,pragmaticsstudiestheprinciplesobservedbyhumanbeingswhentheycommunicatewithoneanother.

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

Thisdefinitioniswidelyacceptedbecauseitincludessomeoftheimportantcharacteristicsofhumanlanguage.

Languageassystem---Thekeywordinthedefinitionis"system".Languageissystematic.Otherwisewewouldnotbeabletolearnoruseitconsistently.Eachlanguagesystemcontainstwosubsystems:

asystemofsoundandasystemofmeaning.

Languageisasystem—elementsinitarenotarrangedandcombinedrandomly,butaccordingtosomerulesandprinciples.

Languageasarbitrary---Thereisnonaturalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandwhatitmeansinacertainlanguage.

Therelationbetweensoundandmeaningisalmostalwaysarbitraryorconventional.

Therelationbetweensoundandmeaningisalmostalwaysarbitrary.

Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.

Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.

RomeoandJuliet

Therelationbetweensoundandmeaningisalmostalwaysconventional

《荀子·正名》：

“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。

名无固实,约之以命实，约定俗成，谓之实名。

名有固善，径易而不拂，谓之善名。

”

《道德经》第一章

道可道，非常道。

名可名，非常名。

无名天地之始；有名万物之母。

Languageasvocal---By"vocal"wemeanthattheprimarymediumofalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemmightbe.

Languageassymbol---Languageisjustsymbolforthethingitrefers.Languageisasymbolicsystem.

Languageashuman---Languageishuman-specific,itisverydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystems.Nosystemofanimalcommunicationmakesuseofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.

Languageascommunication---Languageisusedforhumancommunication.Itallowspeopletosaythingstoeachotherandexpresstheircommunicativeneeds.

Designfeaturerefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitformanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

Arbitrariness:

thereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.

Productivityorcreativity:

man’slinguisticabilitywhichenableshimtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesinournativelanguage,includingthesentenceswhichwereneverheardbefore.

Dualityordoublearticulation:

thisorganizationoflanguageintotwolevels--alevelofsounds,alevelofmeaning.

Displacement:

Displacementisapropertyoflanguageenablingpeopletotalkaboutthingsremoteeitherinspaceorintime.

CulturaltransmissionLanguageisculturallytransmitted.Itcannotbetransmittedthroughheredity.Ahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirelanguage.Whatlanguagethebabyisgoingtospeakisdeterminedbythecultureheisborninto.

Interchangeabilityorreciprocity:

mancanbothproduceandreceivemessages,andhisrolesasaspeakerandahearercanbeexchangedatease.

Specialization:

mandoesnothaveatotalphysicalinvolvementintheactofcommunication.Speechisaspecializedactivity.Weuseitinadetachedmanner.

Languagefunctionsasaprincipalmeansofcommunication.

Italsofunctionsassocialcontrol.

Itisnotonlyapsychologicalphenomenon,butalsoasocialfact

Theprimaryfunctionoflanguageistotransmitinformationandtoconveycommands,feelingsandemotions.Languageisatoolofcommunication.

“Communication”canbeusedtocovermuchofthefunctionoflanguage.Herearesomeofthemajorcategories:

Thefunctionsoflanguage:

Phaticfunction/communion（寒暄功能）:

Languageisusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.Greetings,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherservethisfunction.

Directive（指令）function:

Languageservesadirectivefunctionwhenitisusedtogetthehearerdosomething.

Mostimperativesentenceshavethisfunction."Getout!

""Closethewindow,please.","Walkslowly"areafewexamples.

Informative（信息）function:

Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtotellwhatthespeakerbelieves,togiveinformatio