托福TPO47阅读原文+题目+答案.docx

托福TPO47阅读原文+题目+答案.docx

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托福TPO47阅读原文+题目+答案

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　　RomanCulturalInfluenceonBritain

　　AftertheRomanEmpire’sconquestofBritaininthefirstcenturyA.D.,the

　　presenceofadministrators,merchants,andtroopsonBritishsoil,alongwith

　　thenaturalflowofideasandgoodsfromtherestoftheempire,hadanenormous

　　influenceonlifeintheBritishIsles.Culturalinfluenceswereofthreetypes:

　　thebringingofobjects,thetransferofcraftworkers,andtheintroductionof

　　massivecivilarchitecture.Manyobjectswerenotartineventhebroadestsense

　　andcomprisedutilitarianitemsofclothing,utensils,andequipment.Weshould

　　notunderestimatethesocialstatusassociatedwithsuchmundanepossessions

　　whichhadnotpreviouslybeenavailable.ThefloodingofBritainwithred-gloss

　　potteryformGaul（modern-dayFrance）,decoratedwithscenesfromClassical

　　mythology,probablybroughtmanyintocontactwiththestylesandartistic

　　conceptsoftheGreco-Romanworldforthefirsttime,whetherornotthe

　　symbolismwasunderstood.Mass-producedgoodswereaccompaniedbyfewermore

　　aestheticallyimpressiveobjectssuchasstatuettes.Suchpiecesperhapsfirst

　　camewithofficialsfortheirownreligiousworship;otherswerethenacquired

　　bynativeleadersasdiplomaticgiftsorbypurchase.Onceseenbythenatives,

　　suchobjectscreatedafashionwhichrapidlyspreadthroughtheprovince.

　　Inthemostextremeinstances,nativesliterallyboughtthewholepackage

　　ofRomanculture.TheFishbournevilla,builtinthethirdquarterofthefirst

　　centuryA.D.,probablyforthenativeclientkingCogidubnus,amplyillustrates

　　hisRomanpretensions.ItwasconstructedinthelatestItalianstylewith

　　importedmarblesandstylishmosaics.Itwaslavishlyfurnishedwithimported

　　sculpturesandotherClassicalobjects.AvisitorfromRomewouldhave

　　recognizeditsownerasaparticipantinthecontemporarycultureoftheempire,

　　notatallprovincialintaste.Evenifthosefromthetraditionalfamilies

　　lookeddownonhim,theywouldhavebeenunabletodismisshimasuncultured.

　　Althoughexceptional,thisdemonstrateshownewculturalsymbolsbound

　　provincialstotheidentifyoftheRomanworld.

　　Suchexamplesestablishedastandardtobecopied.Oneresultwasaninflux

　　ofcraftworker,particularlythoseskilledinartisticmedialikestone-carving

　　whichhadnotexistedbeforetheconquest.Civilianworkerscamemostlyfrom

　　GaulandGermany.ThemagnificenttemplebuiltbesidethesacredspringatBath

　　wasconstructedonlyabouttwentyyearsaftertheconquest.Itsdetailshows

　　thatitwascarvedbyartistsfromnortheastGaul.Intheabsenceofatradition

　　of

　　Classicalstone-carvingandbuilding,thedesiretodevelopRomanamenities

　　wouldhavebeendifficulttofulfill.Administratorsthususedtheirpersonal

　　contactstoputtheBritonsintouchwitharchitectsandmasons.Asmanyofthe

　　officialsinBritainhadstronglinkswithGaul,itisnotsurprisingthatearly

　　RomanBritainowesmuchtocraftworkersfromthatarea.Localworkshopsdid

　　developandstylisticallysimilargroupsofsculptureshowhowskillsinthis

　　newmediumbecamewiderspread.Likewiseskillsintheuseofmosaic,wall

　　painting,ceramicdecoration,andmetal-workingdevelopedthroughoutthe

　　provincewiththeeventualemergenceofcharacteristicallyRomano-British

　　styles.

　　Thisarthadamajorimpactonthenativepeoples,andoneofthemost

　　importancefactorswasachangeinthescaleofbuildings.Pre-RomanBritainwas

　　highlylocalized,withpeoplerarelytravelingbeyondtheirownregion.On

　　occasionlargegroupsamassedforwarorreligiousfestivals,butsociety

　　remainedcenteredonsmallcommunities.Architectureofthiserareflectedthis

　　witheventhelargestofthefortifiedtownsandhillfortscontainingnomore

　　thanclustersofmedium-sizedstructures.Thespacesinsideeventhelargest

　　roundhousesweremodest,andtheuseofroundedshapesandorganicbuilding

　　materialsgavebuildingsahumanscale.ButtheeffectofRomancivil

　　architecturewassignificant.Thesheersizeofspaceenclosedwithinbuildings

　　likethebasilicaofLondonmusthavebeenastonishing.Thiswasanarchitecture

　　ofdominanceinwhichsubjectpeopleswereliterallymadetofeelsmallby

　　buildingsthatepitomizedimperialpower.Supremacywasaccentuatedbythe

　　unyieldingstraightlinesofbothindividualbuildingsandplannedsettlements

　　sincethesetooprovidedamarkedcontrastwiththenaturalcurvilinearshapes

　　dominantinthenativerealm.

　　Passage1

　　AftertheRomanEmpire’sconquestofBritaininthefirstcenturyA.D.,the

　　presenceofadministrators,merchants,andtroopsonBritishsoil,alongwith

　　thenaturalflowofideasand