PAEMExamQuestions1.docx

PAEMExamQuestions1.docx

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PAEMExamQuestions1

ExamQuestions:

Session1

1.Shouldpeoplebepermittedtobuildhomesorbusinessesinhazardousareassuchasonfloodplainsthathavefrequentflooding,exposedbeachareasthatmaysufferfrequentfloodingduringhurricanesandlessorstorms,orareaspronetowildfiresormudslides?

2.Shouldgovernmentsberesponsibleforhelpingpeoplerecoverfromdisasterwhentheyhaveknowinglyputthemselvesindanger?

3.Howimportantisemergencymanagementrelativetoeconomicandotherproblemstoday?

Howimportantishomelandsecurityrelativetootherproblemstoday?

4.Shouldpublicofficialsbeheldlegallyliableforfailingtopreparetheircommunitiesreasonablyfordisaster?

5.Whatkindsofnaturaldisastersarecommontoyourstateorregionandwhichposesthegreatestthreattolifeandproperty?

6.Wouldyouexpecttheretobeadifferencebetweenhowpeoplereacttonaturaldisasters（“actsofGodornature”）andhowtheyreacttoman-madedisasters?

Wouldyouexpectadifferenceinhowtheyreacttoaccidents,suchasanaircrash,andhowtheyreacttointentionaldisasters,suchasthebombingoftheMurrahFederalBuildinginOklahomaCityin1995?

7.Ifpeoplechoosetolivenearorevenontheslopesofavolcano,isthevolcanoanaturalhazardoraman-madehazard?

8.Whatshouldbetheroleofthefederalgovernmentincatastrophicdisasters?

Underwhatconditionsshouldfederalofficialsassumetheleadershiproleindisasteroperations?

[Thisisaquestionthatwillberevisitedseveraltimesinthiscourse.]

9.Towhatextentshouldlocalofficialsregulatebuilding,land-use,development,andotheractivitiesthatmaycausehazardsand/orincreaserisktoothermembersofthecommunity?

10.The“cavalry”roleofgovernmentwithagenciesrespondingintheaftermathofdisasterisreactive,ratherthanproactive.Howcanemergencymanagementagenciesbemoreproactive?

11.Whatkindsofcapacitybuildingarenecessaryforcommunitiestomanageenvironmentalandtechnologicalhazardsadequately?

12.Preparingvulnerablepopulationstodealwithdisastersisoneofthebiggestchallengesforemergencymanagerstoday.Whatroleshouldemergencymanagersplayindevelopingprogramsfortheelderly,thepoor,children,andothervulnerablegroups?

13.Howimportantisitthatcommunitieshireprofessionalemergencymanagerstoaddressriskstotheirresidentsandtheenvironment?

[Whymightcommunitieschoosetohirenonprofessionalsdespitetheriskstolifeandproperty?

]

14.Howdothe“PrinciplesofEmergencyManagement”reflectthecomplexlegalandpoliticalenvironmentinwhichemergencymanagerswork?

15.Howmightthe“PrinciplesofEmergencyManagement”affecttheorganizationofemergencymanagementoffices,howemergencymanagersworkwithotherpublicofficials,andtherelationshipbetweenemergencymanagersandthepublicatlarge?

Session2

16.Towhatextentshouldthegovernmentberesponsibleforreducingtheriskofnaturalandtechnologicaldisasters?

Isitpossibletoeliminateallornearlyallrisktocommunities?

17.Evenifthereislittlelikelihoodofamajordisaster,shouldpublicofficialsbeheldresponsibleforprovidinga“reasonable”levelofpreparation?

18.Shouldgovernmentsassistpeoplewhoknowinglyputthemselvesatriskbybuildinghomesinhazardouslocationsorengaginginotherriskybehaviors?

Whyorwhynot?

19.Whyisfederaldisasterassistancenecessary?

Can’tcommunitiessimplyrelyupontheirownresourcesastheydidearlyinAmericanhistory?

20.Whycan’tfederalauthoritiessimplyrespondtodisasterswithoutwaitingforaformalrequestfromthestategovernor?

21.Howmightpoliticalconsiderationsaffectapresident’sdecisiontoissueapresidentialdisasterdeclaration?

22.Whatstakeholders（organizations）mightbeincludedinanemergencymanagementprogramaccordingtotheEMAPandNFPA1600standards?

23.HowmightthePrinciplesofEmergencyManagementaffectthewaythatemergencymanagersinteractwithotherofficials?

24.Howbroadisthedefinitionofemergencymanagementdevelopedbytheworkinggroup?

Howmightofficialsseparatetheemergencymanagementfunctionfromanemergencyresponsefunctionlikefirefightingoremergencymedicalservices?

25.Howcancommunitiesbemademoredisaster-resistantandmoreresilient,i.e.,betterabletorecoverwithminimalassistance?

[Resiliencewillbeacontinuingthemeinthiscourseandanswersshouldbecomemoresophisticatedasstudentsmovethroughthecourse.]

26.Whyisitbeneficialtohavealeadagencyforemergencymanagement,ratherthanhavinganumberofagenciesrespondingwhentheirexpertiseisneeded?

Whatproblemsmightresultfromhavingseveralormanyagenciesinvolvedinemergencymanagement?

27.Whatkindsofadministrativeproblemsmightoneanticipatewhenanagencyisresponsibleformanydisparateprograms,somecivilianandsomemilitary?

28.Whatkindsofadministrativeproblemsmightoneanticipatewhenofficesandprogramsareconsolidated?

29.WhatisrequiredforanagencylikeFEMAtoachieveitsstrategicgoalsthroughcooperationwithothergovernmentalandnongovernmentalorganizations?

30.Howdifficultmightitbetomeasureprogramperformanceorresultswhenprogramsareaddressingproblems（disasters）thatmayoccuronlyevery100or1,000（ormore）years?

31.Whyisitimportanttohaveeffective,professionalemergencymanagersatalllevelsofgovernment,includingcitiesandtowns?

32.Whymightitbehelpfultohavestateemergencymanagementofficialslocatedinorveryclosetotheofficeofthegovernorandlocalemergencymanagementagenciesclosetotheofficeofthemayor,cityorcountymanager,orthechairpersonofthecityorcountycommission?

33.Ifemergencymanagementisanimportantfunction,whydomanycommunitieshaveonlypart-timeemergencymanagersandmanyhaveemergencymanagementofficeswithnostaffsupportatall?

34.Whyaretheresomanygroupswillingtoassistthevictimsofdisaster?

Whataretheirmotivations?

35.Howcapablearetheorganizationswithwhichyouarefamiliar（e.g.,churches,civicorganizations,volunteergroups,neighborhoodassociations,etc.）ofprovidingassistanceduringdisasters?

36.Whymightpublicofficialsbereluctanttorelyheavilyuponuntrainedvolunteersandnongovernmentalgroupsduringdisasters?

37.Whymightitbemoreeffectivetohavean“allhazards”focusratherthantohaveseparateprogramstoaddresseachkindofknownhazardinacommunityorstate?

38.Whataretheadvantagesofhaving“generic”emergencymanagementfunctionswhendealingwithcommunitiesandagenciesallacrosstheU.S.?

39.Howmightnaturaldisaster-orientedprogramsbeusedintheeventofanuclearaccidentorattack?

40.WhydoAmericansgenerallyshowlittleconcernforenvironmentalandtechnologicalrisks?

Aretherestatesandcommunitiesthatdoseemtoshowmoreconcernforsuchrisks?

41.WhyareAmericanssodistrustfulofgovernmentplanningandregulation?

42.Whyisitsodifficulttoconvincevotersandpublicofficialsoftheneedtospendmoneytomanagehazardstoreducetheriskofdisaster?

Session3

43.Howbigshouldthefederalrolebeinenvironmentalpolicymakingandhazardreduction?

Shouldtherebenationalgoalsandstrongfederaldirection,asduringtheperiodof“creativefederalism,”orgreaterflexibilityforstateandlocalofficialstotargetfundsandeffortswheretheyfeelthereisthegreatestneed,asduringthe“newfederalism”periodofPresidentReagan?

44.Whataretheadvantagesofdevelopinglocalcapabilitiestoreducehazards?

45.Whatwouldhappenifthefederalroleinemergencymanagementwassimplyreducedtoprovidingfinancialsupport?

46.Howlikelyisitthatyourstaterepresentativeswilladdressthestate’smajorhazardswithoutfederalencouragement?

47.Howlikelyisitthatyourlocalofficialswilladdressriskstolifeandpropertywithoutoutsidefundingandsupport?

48.TheOaklandcasestudy（Olson,Olson,andGawronski,1998）discussestheeffortsoffederalandstategovernmentstoencouragelocaladoptionofbuildingcodestoreducetheriskofstructuralcollapsesinvolvingunreinforcedmasonry.Shouldstategovernmentsretaintheauthoritytosetbuildingstandards,toassureuniformandappropriatecodesthroughoutthestate?

49.TheOaklandcase（Olson,Olson,andGawronski,1998）discussesthepoliticsinvolvedinpolicymakingatthelocallevelandhowdisasterscanprovidea“windowofopportunity”forpassageofmitigationprograms.HowprobableisitthatOaklandwouldhaveadoptedordinancestoreducethehazardposedbyunreinforcedmasonrybuildingswithouttheLomaPrietaearthquake?

IftheearthquakehadnotaffectedOaklanddirectly,buthadaffectedSanFrancisco（acrossthebay）,wouldtheordinanceshavebeenproposedandadopted?

50.Shouldtherebeasinglepersoninchargeofeachdisasteroperationorshoulditbeacooperative,multi-organizational,intergovernmentaloperation?

Whohasauthoritytooverseeadisasteroperationinvolvingmultiplejurisdictions?

51.Whymightitbesoimportantthatofficialsmeetandknowoneanother,ratherthansimplyhavecontactoverthetelephoneorfromalistofnames,duringadisaster?

Aren’tformalagreementsenoughtoensurecooperation?

52.Whatkindsofresourcesmightastate’sNationalGuardbringtobearduringadisaster?

53.Bywhatmeansmightextrarevenueberaisedtosupportemergencymanagementprograms?

54.HowmightemergencymanagementofficialsselltheirprogramstotheAmericanpublictogetlargerbudgets?

55.Whatmightemergencymanagementofficialsdotoselltheirprogramstotheofficialswhomakebudgetdecisions?

56.Towhichjurisdict