专8听力真题答案及讲座原文.docx

专8听力真题答案及讲座原文.docx

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专8听力真题答案及讲座原文

2016年专8听力真题、答案及讲座原文

SECTIONAMINI-LECTURE

ModelsforArguments

Threemodelsforarguments

●thefirstmodelforarguingiscalled

（1）_________;

—argumentsaretreatedaswar

—thereismuchwinningandlosing

—itisa

（2）__________modelforarguing

●thesecondmodelforarguingisargumentsasproofs:

—（3）warranted__________

—validinferencesandconclusions

—no（4）__________intheadversarialsense

●thethirdmodelforarguingis（5）_________:

—theaudienceis（6）__________inthearguments

—argumentsmust（7）__________theaudience

Traitsoftheargumentaswar

●verydominant:

itcanshape（8）_________

●strongargumentsareneeded

●negativeeffectsinclude:

—（9）_________areemphasized

—winningistheonlypurpose

—thistypeofargumentsprevent（10）_________

—theworstthingis（11）_________

●implicationfromargumentsaswar:

（12）_________

—e.g.,oneprovidingreasonsandtheotherraising（13）_________

—theotheroneisfinallypersuaded

Suggestionsonnewwaysto（14）_________ofarguments

●thinkofnewkindsofarguments

●changerolesinarguments

●（15）_________

C.Excitement.

D.Encouragement.

1.WhatisthebiggestdisadvantageofstudyingwithMom?

A.ThinkingofwaystocomfortMom.

B.OccasionalinterferencefromMom.

C.UltimatelycallswhenMaggieisbusy.

D.FrequentcheckonMaggie’sgrades.

Now,listentothePartTwooftheinterview.Questions6to10arebasedonPartTwooftheinterview.

2.Whyisparentandkidstudyingtogetheracommoncase?

A.Becauseparentsneedtobereadyfornewjobs.

B.Becauseparentslovetoreturntocollege.

C.Becausekidsrequiretheirparentstodoso.

D.Becausekidsfindithardtoadapttocollegelife.

3.WhatwouldMaggie’smomliketobeaftercollege?

A.Realestateagent.

B.Financier.

C.Lawyer.

D.Teacher.

4.HowdoesMaggie’smomfeelaboutsittinginclassafter30years?

A.Delighted.

B.Excited.

C.Bored.

D.Frustrated.

5.WhatismostchallengingforMaggie’smom?

A.Howtomakeacake.

B.Howtomakeomelets.

C.Toacceptwhatistaught.

D.Toplanafuturecareer.

6.HowdoesMaggiedescribetheprocessofthinkingoutone’scareerpath?

A.Unsuccessful.

B.Gradual.

C.Frustrating.

D.Passionate.

Keys:

1.thedialecticalmodel

monandfixed

3.premises

4.opposition/arguing

5.argumentsasperformances/therhetoricalmodel

6.participatory/participating/theparticipant/takingpart

7.betailoredto/caterfor

8.howweargue/ouractualconduct

9.tactics/strategies

10.negotiationandcollaboration

11.there’snosolution/progress

12.learningwithlosing

13.questions/counter-considerations/counter-arguments/objections/argumentsinopposition

14.achievepositiveeffects

15.supportoneself/yourself

CADDB

ACDCB

Script:

Goodmorning,everyone.MynameisDavidandIamgoodatarguing.Sowelcometoourintroductorylectureonargumentation.Whydowewanttoargue?

Whydowetrytoconvinceotherpeopletobelievethingsthattheydon’twanttobelieve?

Andisthatevenanicethingtodo?

Isthatanicewaytotreatotherhumanbeing,tryandmakethemthinksomethingtheydon’twanttothink?

Well,myanswerisgoingtomakereferencetothreemodelsforarguments.

（1）Thefirstmodel—let’scallthisthedialecticalmodel—isthatwethinkofargumentsaswar.Andyouknowwhatthat’slike.Thereisalotofscreamingandshoutingandwinningandlosing.

（2）Andthat’snotreallyaveryhelpfulmodelarguing,butit’saprettycommonandfixedone.Iguessyoumusthaveseenthattypeofarguingmanytimes—inthestreet,onthebusorinthesubway.

Let’smoveontothesecondmodel.Thesecondmodelforarguingregardsargumentsasproofs.Thinkofamathematician’sargument.Here’smyargument.Doesitwork?

Isitanygood?

（3）Arethepremises（前提）warranted?

Aretheinferences（推论））valid?

Doestheconclusionfollowthepremises?

（4）Noopposition,noadversariality（对抗）—notnecessarilyanyarguingintheadversarialsense.

（5）Andthere’sathirdmodeltokeepinmindthatIthinkisgoingtobeveryhelpful,andthatisargumentsasperformances,argumentsasbeinginfrontofanaudience.Wecanthinkofapoliticiantryingtopresentaposition,tryingtoconvincetheaudienceofsomething.

Butthere’sanothertwist（转折）onthismodelthatIreallythinkisimportant;namely,thatwhenwearguebeforeanaudience,（6）sometimestheaudiencehasamoreparticipatoryroleintheargument;thatis,youpresentyouargumentsinfrontofanaudiencewhoarelikejuries（陪审团）thatmakeajudgmentanddecidethecase.（5）Let’scallthismodeltherhetoricalmodel,（7）whereyouhavetotailor（迎合）yourargumenttotheaudienceathand.

Ofthosethree,theargumentaswaristhedominantone.Itdominateshowwetalkaboutarguments,itdominateshowwethinkaboutarguments,and