建筑学外文翻译建筑师用模型表现的16个历史建筑.docx

建筑学外文翻译建筑师用模型表现的16个历史建筑.docx

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建筑学外文翻译建筑师用模型表现的16个历史建筑

原文：

Architectsuse16historicalbuildingmodelperformance

Foreword:

Buildingmodelisinthebuildingdesignandurbanplanning,buildingmodelreviewoftheproject.Itbyitsuniquevividshowthedesignschemeofthedimensionaleffect.Therefore,manydepartmentssuchasarchitecture,planningorexhibitionsathomeandabroad,modelmakinghasbecomeanindependentdiscipline.

Architectureandenvironmentartmodelbetweenplanedrawingsandtheactualthree-dimensionalspace,itputthetwoorganictogether,isakindofthree-dimensionalsolidmodel,buildingmodelhelpdesigncreation,canintuitivelyreflectthedesignintent,compensateforthelimitationsindrawinginperformance.Itispartoftheprocessofdesigners,alsobelongtodesignaformatthesametime,theyarewidelyusedinurbanconstruction,realestatedevelopment,commercialhousingsales,design,biddingandinvestmentcooperation,etc.

Keywords:

buildingmodelperformancetechnicaleffect

Thebasiccharacteristicsofthemodelistouseeasytoprocessingthematerialsinaccordancewiththearchitecturaldesignpatternordesignidea,madeofsmalleraccordingtotheproportionofthesample.Buildingmodelisusedtoperforminthearchitecturaldesignbuildingortheappearanceofbuildingsandameansofspatialrelations.Foradvancedtechnology,complexfunctions,theartisticmodellingaboundchangeofmodernarchitecture,especiallyneedtousethemodeltocarryonthedesigncreation.

Inthepreliminarydesign,theschemedesignphaseofsaidworkingmodel,productioncanbebriefly,toprocessingandremove.Materialavailablesludge,cardboardandplastic,etc.Inthecompletionofthepreliminarydesign,canmakemoreelaboratemodel──presentationmodel（seephoto）,fordesignofexaminationandapproval.Displaymodelnotonlyrequirestheproportionofthebuildingclosetotherealperformance,modelling,color,textureandplanningoftheenvironment,canalsorevealthekeybuildinginternalspaceoftheroom,indoordisplayandstructure,structure,etc.Modelofgeneraluseboard,plywood,plastic,organicglassandsheetmetalandothermaterials.Modelofproductiontoachieveperformancedesignconceptionandtheconception.

Manyancientacclimatisationscreatedarchitecturalmodelsormaquettes,oftennottoinvestigatebuildingtechniquesbutrathertouseasgiftsorplaceintombs.ThisunusualfiredclaymodelwasdiscoveredintheDanubevalleyandisthoughttohavebeencreatedbyapeopleaheadoftheirtimebothartisticallyandtechnologically.

CreatingaphysicalmodelwastheonlywayFilippoBrunelleschicouldeasilyguidehiscraftsmenintheconstructionofthedomeforFlorenceCathedral-amodelhedeliberatelyleftincompletetoensurehiscontroloverthedomeasitwasbuilt.ManymodelsbuiltforFlorenceCathedralwereforthispurposeofverificationandcontrol,makingsurethatwhatwastobebuilthadbeentestedbeforehand.Itwasmuchlaterthattheobjectificationofthesemodelsgavethemanewformofbeauty.

Gaudi’scatenaryarchmodelsareauniqueexampleofevocativelow-techarchitecturalproblemsolving.Hisfunicularchainandlead-shotbagexperimentsletgravitydeterminetheformofacatenaryarch—forGaudtheidealstructuralelement—whichcouldthenbephotographedandinvertedtogainanunderstandingoftheforcesatwork.Thesemodelswouldsometimesbeaslargeas1:

10which,oncephotographedandtracedover,wouldformtheentirebasisfortherestofthedesign.

TheMonumenttotheThirdInternational,betterknownasTatlin’sTower,isoneofthe20thcentury’smostenduringunrealizedprojects.Thetowerwastobeaspirallingodetomodernityandrevolutionbuiltiniron,steelandglassthatwouldchallengetheEiffel

Tower.Wrappedinthissteelspiralweregeometricstructures,eachonerotatingatdifferentspeeds.Itisnowonderthereweregreatdoubtsaboutitsstructuralpracticalityletalonethecostofmaterials.Nonetheless,themodelsofTatlin’sTowerserveasareminderoftheambitionandspiritoftheage.

Stockholm’sMuseumofModernArt,Moscow’sTereshkovaGalleryandthePompidouCentreallhaveamodel,andin2011theRoyalAcademybuilta1:

40scalemodelfortheexhibitionRe-BuildingTatlin’sTower.EachofthemanyrepresentationsonlyhastwosourcedrawingsandVladimirTatlin’smodelsandnotestoworkfrom,makingtheconstructionprocessitselfanattempttocapturetheessenceofthefamoussideelevation.

OneofthemostsophisticatedarchitecturalmodelsevermadeinBritain,Lutyens’unbuiltdesignforLiverpoolCathedralwouldhaveswampedStPaul’s.ShownattheRoyalAcademyin1933towideacclaim,themodeldemonstratesingreatdetailthesheerambitionandscaleofLutyens’design,ofwhichonlythecryptswereeverconstructed,andisnowdisplayedattheMuseumofLiverpool.

ThisisnottheonlyambitiousmodelLutyenscreated;whileplanninganextensiontoCastleDrongoafullscalewoodenmock-upwascreated,onlytobeblownawayintotheDevonshirecountryside.

TheJapaneseMetabolicarchitectArataIsozakidevelopedhisnewhousingstructureforTokyointhe1960s.Likeleavesonatree,themodularhousingunitsbranchofffromstructural‘trunks’.TheambitiousandrevolutionaryideasoftheMetabolists,despitetheirexposure,remainlargelyconfinedtotheoreticalworks,withdrawingsandmodelsservingastheonlywayofdepictingsuchradicalconcepts.

WithbuiltexamplesofMetabolismliketheNakaginCapsuleTowerinastateofdecay,thegroup’sUtopianmodelsareareminderofthescaleoftheirvision.

PaulAndreu’soctopusinspireddesignforTerminal1atCharlesdeGaulleairport-despitelookinglikeaDeathStaronlegs-depictsadistorted,almostfish-eyeviewoftheterminal.Aflatconcretedrumsitsontopwithasuspended,tangledmazeofcoveredescalatorsbeneath.Consideringthefinishedbuilding’sdefects,themodelbecomesafetishizedversionofAndreu’svision;thedepthandpresenceofthecentralcoreisamplifiedwhiletheterminal’ssevensatellitestructuresareseeminglyomitted.

AlthoughthismodelmaylookliketheworkoftheJapaneseMetabolism,itistheworkofGermanarchitectWolfgangDaring.Withoutitsarchitecturalcontextthismodelcouldeasilybemistakenforastackoftoys,butknowingthateachblockrepresentsadwellingmakesitdistinctlyUtopian.Eachpodcanbedetachedand‘upgraded’inordertocaterforaconstantlydevelopingsociety.

BedminsterFullerwouldhavehadthewholeplanethousedinhisstrong,economicgeodesicdomes.ForFuller,modelswereinvaluableforprototypingdomesandotherinventionslikethetensilitysphere,bothpracticalexperimentsanddepictionsofanotherworld.

FullerproposedthathisSphericalTensegrityAtmosphericResearchStations（STARS）couldbeuptoamileindiameterandfullofhotair,floatingintheEarth’satmosphere.WhiletheMetabolistsmodelledentireUtopiancities,Fullerfeltconfidentenoughmodellingasinglescalablecomponentandleavingtheresttotheimagination.

Despitebeingacompetitionwinner,JørnUtzon’sdesignfortheSydneyOperaHousecouldoriginallynotbebuiltduetotheroofformsbeingconsideredstructurallyunsound.Toprovetheproposal,Utzoncreatedasimplewoodenmodeltodemonstratethesolutiontoengineeringthe‘shells’thatwouldformtherooffromthesurfaceofasphere.

Thisbasicmodelwasallthatwasneededtoprovethatthebuilding’ssegmentscouldbecalculated,andthereforeprefabricated.Thislow-techsolutiontowhatappearedacomplexstructuralproblemisreminiscentofGaudí’scatenaryarchexperiments,andthepowerofeventhesimplestmodeltoreinforceandevensaveadesignproposal.

ForCalvary,architecturecombinesalloftheartsintoone,andhissculpturesoftenincitetheinterestingdebateoverwhethertheycanbecalled‘art’asopposedto‘architectural’experiments.Theminimalsculpturessharemuchformalflarewithhisbuildings,theabovereminiscentofMalmo’sTurningTorsoandCalvary’sstackedcubetheme.

AspartoftheBIGCityexhibitioninNewYork,BarkerIngelsGroupproduceda1:

50modelentirelyoutofLego.Theproject,‘LegoTowers’,wasaproposalforamixed-usedevelopmentinCopenhagen.Usingmodularunitsoffourglasswallsandagrassroof,LegoTowerstakestheformofasweeping,contouredurbanspaceintowhichahotel,retailandresidentialspaceisfullyintegrated.

IngelsdescribesLegoasa3Dsketchtool,praisingwhathecallsits‘systematiccreativity’.BIG’smodelservesasajustificationofLegoasaseriousdesigntool,whileretainingitscharacteristicplayfulness.

AcommissionforanexhibitionatTokyo’sNanyodoGallery,CJLim’sDreamIsleimaginesLondonatopaspongecakealongsidetwocupsoftea-apurelytheoreticalarchitecturalmodel.‘Thecityisforeveronthebrinkofthestrangelyfamiliarandthefamiliarlystrange’,statesLim,describinghiscreationas‘London’sdream’.Recognisedlandmarksandfeaturesareshiftedanddistortedatopthespongyearthandteacups,areferencetoLondon’shistoryofcolonialtradeandthesoundnetworkcreatedbyLondon’s16thcenturythoroughfares.

FounderofMadamStudio,AdamFurman’svividandbizarrerie3Dprintedmodelscombinebright,psychedelicpopimagerywithclassicalforms.

Theresultsareattimesunsettling,butemblematicofafascinationwithmodernfabricationtechniquesandtheireffectonidentityandvisualexploration.

Co-directorofresearchgroupSaturatedSpace,whichexplorestherelationshipbetweenclourandarchitecture,Furman’srecentresidencyattheDesignMuseuminLondonexplored3Dprintedceramicscovere