考研英国文学复习.docx

考研英国文学复习.docx

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考研英国文学复习

《英国文学》复习大纲

英国文学本课程重点和难点内容简介

第一章:

古代与中世纪英国文学：

1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。

2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。

3．名词解释：

英雄偶句诗体

第二章:

文艺复兴时期：

1.文艺复兴时期的时间界定；2“文艺复兴”的名词解释；3“人文主义”的名词解释；4莎士比亚的“Sonnet18”的主题；5哈姆雷特的性格分析；6英语解释《论学习》中的句子

第三章:

十七世纪英国文学：

1.英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子

2.《失乐园》的主要内容和意义

3.《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析

第四章:

启蒙运动时期：

1.启蒙运动时期的界定

2.新古典主义的基本主张和特色

3.伤感主义的名词解释

4.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析

5.蒲伯的《论批评》的主题

6.英文解释《论批评》

第五章:

浪漫主义时期：

1.浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点

2.彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作

3.华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的《抒情歌谣集》的重要意义

4.华兹华斯的诗歌特点

5.英文解释华兹华斯“我如行云独自游”中的句子

6.拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其中句子

7.雪莱“西风颂”的主题并用英语解释其中句子

第六章:

维多利亚时期

1.维多利亚时期的文学特点

2.艾米莉。

布朗特的《呼啸山庄》的主题

3.夏洛特。

布朗特的《简。

爱》中简。

爱的人物分析

第七章:

现代时期

1.现代主义文学的特点

2.哈代的代表作及写作特点

3.劳伦斯小说的主题及人物分析

PartI TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod（449-1066）

1.TheBritons:

TheEnglishpeopleareofamixedblood.TheearlyinhabitantsintheislandwenowcallEnglandwereBritons,atribeofCelts.FromtheBritonstheislandgotitsname—Britain,thelandofBritons.TheBritonswereaprimitivepeoplelivinginthetribalsociety.

2.TheRomanConquest（R.C）:

In55BC,BritainwasinvadedbyJuliusCaesar,theRomanConqueror,（whohadjustoccupiedthepresent-dayFrance）.TheBritonsfoughtstubbornly,andwithinacentury,BritonwasnotcompletelyconqueredtotheRomanEmpireuntil78AD.WiththeRomanConquestcametheRomanmodeoflife,e.g.theRomantheatres,baths,somehighways（called“streets”whichjoinsomeofimportantcities）.  TheRomanoccupationlastedforabout400years,duringwhichtherewerefrequentbattlesbetweenBritonsandRomans.Atthebeginningofthe5thcentury,theRomantroopswerewithdrawn,thusendedtheRomanoccupationinBritain.However,theR.C.ofBritainontheNwholeleftnodeepimpressiononitsnationallife.

3.TheEnglishConquest:

3.1.Thepeopleandlanguage:

AtthesametimeBritainwasinvadedbyswarmsofpirates.Theywere3tribesfromNorthernEurope:

Angles,Saxons,andJutes—theywereTeutonictribes.TheylandedontheBritishcoast,drovetheBritonswestandnorth,andsettleddownthemselves:

TheJutesoccupiedKent,inthesoutheasterncorneroftheisland.TheSaxonstookthesouthernpart,establishedsomesmallkingdomsasWessex,Essex,andSussex.TheAnglesspreadovertheeastmiddlelandandbuiltthekingdomoftheEastAngles.

Gradually,7suchkingdomsaroseinBritain.Bythe7thcentury,thesesmallkingdomswerecombinedintoaunitedkingdomcalledEngland,orthelandofAngles.The3tribeshadmixedintoawholepeoplecalledEnglish,theAnglesbeingthemostnumerousofthe3.Andthe3dialectsspokenbythemnaturallygrewintoasinglelanguagecalledAnglo-Saxon,whichisnowcalledOldEnglish.ItisquitedifferentfromtheEnglishweknowtoday.

3.2.Anglo-SaxonReligiousBeliefandItsInfluence:

TheAnglo-Saxons—heathenpeople,believedintheoldmythologyofNorthernEurope.（ThatiswhytheNorthernmythologyhasleftitsmarksupontheEnglishlanguage.Forexample,thedaysoftheweekinEnglisharenamedafterthenortherngodse.g.Frigga,thebeautifulgoddessgavehernametoFriday.）TheywereChristianizedinthe7thcentury.Monasterieswerebuilt.Atatimeonlythemonkscouldreadandwrite.Inthesemonasteries,therefore,theearliestEnglishbookswerewrittendown.Butsincethemonkshatedtheheathenwritings,theytingedthemwithsomeChristiancolor.

3.3.Literature:

Thus,fromabove,itfallsinto2divisions—pagan（heathen）andChristian.TheformerrepresentsthepoetryorsongwhichtheAnglo-Saxonsprobablybroughtwiththemintheformoforalsagas—thecrude/rawmaterial.Thelatterrepresentsthewritingsdevelopedundertheteachingofthemonks,aftertheoldpaganreligionhadvanished,butstillretaineditsholdonthelifeofthepeople.However,alltheearliestpoetrywascopiedbythemonksandmostwerepreservedinthemonasteries,sotheyhavemoreorlessgivenareligiouscoloring.  

3.3.1TheSongofBeowulf:

AlloftheOldEnglishliteraturearepoemsorsongs.Someareshortfragmentsoflongpoems.Butthereisonelongpoemof3182lines—TheSongofBeowulf,thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonsorEnglishpeople.ItsheroBeowulfcanbejustlytermedoneofthenationalheroesoftheEnglishpeople.Thewholeepic—2partswithaninterpolationbetweenthem.Thewholesongisessentiallypaganinspiritandsubjectmatter,whiletheinterpolationisobviouslyanadditionmadebytheChristianwhocopiedthesong.

Analysisofitscontent:

A.AfolklegendbroughttoEnglandbytheAnglo-Saxonsfromtheircontinentalhomes,hadbeenpassedfrommouthtomouthforhundredsofyearsbeforeitwaswrittendowninthe10thcenturybyanunknownscribe（discoveredinthe8thcentury）.Itsmainstories—thefightwiththemonsters—areevidentlyfolklegendsofprimitivenortherntribes.SuchtribeslivedalongthenorthwesterncoastofEurope.Infrontofthemwasthestormynorthernocean.Theyhadtofightagainstbeasts,struggleagainsttheforcesofnature,whichremainedmysteriouslyunknowntothem.Whenthewarriorsreturnedfromtheirexploitsandvoyages,theywouldtellstoriesofstrangemonstersthatlivedbeneaththeseeorinthemarshesanddarkforests.Theywerebravebutsuperstitious.SuchisthebackgroundofthemarvelousstoriesinBeowulf. 

B.Beowulfthehero,grandsimplybyhisdeeds.Faithfultohispeople.Goesaloneinastrangelandtoventurehimselfforthedeliveranceofhispeople,forgettinghimselfinfaceofdeath.

FeaturesofBeowulf:

A．Theuseofalliteration—themoststrikingone.Inalliterativeverse,certainaccentedwordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonantsound.Therearegenerally4accentsinaline,3ofwhichshowalliteration,ascanbeseenonpage5inthetextbook.

B.Theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements.Forexample,Metaphors:

“ring-giver”isusedforking;“hearth-companions”forhisattendantwarriors;“swan’spath”or“whale’spath”forsee;“sea-wood”forship.Suchmetaphorsoccuringreatnumbers.Understatements:

statementwhichisnotstrongenoughtoexpressfactsorfeelingswithfullforce（e.gnotbad=rathergood），differentfromeuphemism（e.g.fallasleep=die）.Examplesinthepoemare“nottroublesome”=verywelcome;“neednotpraise”=arighttocondemn.Theygaveanimpressionofreserveandattimesatingeofironicalhumor.ThisqualityisoftenregardedasacharacteristicofTheEnglishpeopleandtheirlanguage

Questions

1.WhataretheAnglo-Saxonreligiousbeliefanditsinfluence?

2.WhataretheformsofliteratureintheAnglo-Saxonperiod?

Whatcharacteristics?

3.WhatpositiondoesTheSongofBeowulfpossessinEnglishhistoryandliterature?

Whatfeaturesdoesithave?

PartIITheAnglo-NormanPeriod（1066-1350）orTheFeudalEngland

1.TheDanes’Occupation:

TheDanesoccupiedthecountryin1013afterthedeathoftheAnglo-Saxonking,KingAlfredtheGreat,andhelditfor30years.

2.TheNormanConquest:

In1066cametheFrench-speakingNormansunderDukeWilliam,wholaterbecamethekingofEngland.ItwascalledtheNC.WilliamtheconquerorthenconfiscatedthelandsoftheEnglishlords,regardingthewholeEnglandashisown,andbestowedlargepatchesoflandtohisNormanBarons,whointurndividedtheirlandsamongtheirownknights.Thus,hepushedEnglandwellonitswaytofeudalism,andtheNCmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.

3. Romance---------RomanceisaliteratureforminmiddleEnglishliteraturemeansalongcompositioninverseorproseformdealingwiththelifeandadventuresofanoblehero,generallyaknight（骑士）.Theknightsareunfailinglydevotedtothekingandthechurch.Theyarecommonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,involvinginalargeamountoffightingsfortheirlordsandalwaysencounteringromanticloveaffairs.Inromances,loyaltytokingandlordisrepeatedlyemphasized.Romanceasaformofliterature,istheupperclassliterature.

PartIIIGeoffreyChaucer（1340-1400）

 TheCanterburyTales:

Chaucer’smasterpieceandoneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature.

TheStory:

Thewholepoemisacollectionoftalesandstoriesmixedtogetheraccordingtoasimpleplan.Onespringday,thepoetintheTabardInninSouthwarkattheendofLondonBridgemeetsacompanyof32pilgrimsreadyforajourneytoSt.ThomasatCanterbury.AtthesuggestionofthehostofInn,theyagreedtoeachtell2storiesgoingand2returningsincethejourneyis60mileslong.Thehostistobethejudgeofthecontest.So128stories,butactuallyonly24.However,thoughincomplete,thesetalescoverpracticallyallthemajortypesofmedievalliterature:

romancesofknightsandideas,folktales,merryandmoral,animalstories,storiesofadventures,etc.Allbut2oftheseareinverse. （Seetextbookpage43-45）

ThePrologue:

providesaframeworkforthetales,comprisesagroupofvividsketchesoftypicalmedievalfigures.Allclassesexcepttheroyaltyandthepoorestpeasantsarepresentedbythepilgrims.Everyfigureisdrawnwiththeaccuracyofaportrait.NoexaggerationtosaytheProloguesuppliesaminiatureoftheEnglishsocietyofChaucer’stime.

Thepoetsucceededinlinkingthe24storiestogetherin2ways:

Thepresenceofthehostservestoconnectthefirsttothelasttales—hegivesaunitytothewholework,inviting,criticizing,admiring,denouncing,butalwayskeepinghimselfinevidence.ThenthereisalsoanintimateconnectionbetweenthetalesandthePrologue,bothcomplementingeachother.

BrieflyintroducethesignificanceofChaucerinhisCanterburyTale.

（1）HiscontributiontoEnglishliteraturecanbeseenintwoaspects:

a.Realism:

Allkindsofpeopleexceptthehighest（kingandthetopnobility）andthel