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电大语言与应用语言学
电大语言与应用语言学
语言与应用语言学》复习指导
一、课程说明
“语言与应用语言学”是本科开放教育英语专业的限选课程之一。
本课程的目的是使学生了解语言这一抽象的符号系统的形成和发展，以及它在人类生活的各个方面所产生的重要影响。
着重要求学生了解语言的重要功能以及它与民族、地区，政治等社会各方面的关系。
课程的重点是提高学生对语言一般规律的认识，并有助于他们对所学语言有更深刻的理解。
本课程采用的教材文字教材：
由顾曰国教授主编，外语教学与研究出版社出版的《语言与语言学：
实用手册》（试用版）；辅助教材：
《语言与语言学：
实用手册》中涉及的听力练习磁带两盒，由北京外语音像出版社出版。
二、考试说明
本课程考核包括两部分：
形成性考核和课程终结考试。
课程总成绩采用百分制，形成性考核占20%，课程终结考试占80％，终结考试为闭卷考试，考生不得拾携带任何教材、参考资料、电子读物或工具书等。
本课程终结考试的命题依据是中央广播电视大学本科开放教育英语专业教学计划、课程教学大纲以及“高级英语自学系列教程”中的《语言与语言学：
实用手册》教材。
课程终结考试试题结构及分值比例
考试内容
题型
得分比例
考试时间
1、对课程总体内容的了解
真空、选择填空、辨认错误并改正、定义配对、多项选择等（每次考试选其中三种题型）
30%（15小题）
120分钟
2、对语言和语言学基本原理的理解
简答问题
30%（10小题）
3、对语言和语言学专门知识的理解和分析
完成命题、图表填空、回答问题等
20%（5小题）
4、运用理论知识分析语言现象和问题
分析问题
20%（2小题）
三、复习要点
教材共分10个教学单元，每个单元的标题如下：
第一单元：
认识我们的语言Awarenessofourlanguage；第二单元：
语言的物理属性Physicalaspectsoflanguage；第三单元：
语言的符号性本质Thesymbolicnatureoflanguage；第四单元：
语言功能1：
构筑我们对物质世界的感官认识Languagefunction:
Organizingourexperiencesofthematerialworld；第五单元：
语言功能2：
以言行事Languagefunction:
doingthingswithlanguage；第六单元：
语言功能3：
协调处理人际关系Languagefunction:
managinginterpersonalrelations；第七单元：
语言功能4：
说说谈谈Languagefunction:
talk,talkandtalk；第八单元：
语言与社会Languageinsociety；第九单元：
语言、大脑、思维Language,brainandmind；第十单元：
复习与课程评估Generalreviewandcourseassessment.
下面简要地描述了各个单元的核心内容。
同学们在学习时可以参考。
Unit1AwarenessofOurLanguage
InEnglish,whenweusethewordlanguagewithoutanindefiniteordefinitearticle,like“Languageisatoolofcommunication”,itmeansanylanguageoralllanguagesputtogether.Hereisthefirstimportantpointaboutthisbook:
Itisaboutlanguage,notconfinedtoanyparticularlanguage.WhenEnglishandChinesearebeingtalkedabout,theyareusedastwospecificexamplesoflanguage.SothetitleofUnit1reads:
AwarenessofOurLanguag.Inthiscontextitmeansanylanguageweashumansspeak:
ItcanbeChinese,orEnglish,orFrench,orGerman,orJapanese,orRussian,ormanyothers,ofcourse.
TosummarizeUnit1inonesentence,thissentencewillbe:
wemustappreciatethefactthatweoweourhumanityandcivilizationtolanguage.Otheranimalscanbeatusinmanydifferentways,butwhatmakesussuperiortoallofthemisourpossessionoflanguage.
Inthisunitwealsoattempttoseekananswertothequestion:
Islanguageinsideoroutsidethebrain?
Itisknownasthenature-nurturecontroversy.Thepositionweadoptis:
humansarebornwithlanguagecapacitythatenablesthemtoacquirelanguage,anylanguage,duringtheirformativeyears.Theycanalsolearnanyforeignlanguagethrougheffortsintheiradulthood.
Unit2Physicalaspectsoflanguage.
Thekeypointsofthisunitare:
whatwehear,andwhatwereadaboutarephysicalaspectsoflanguage:
theyarephysicalrepresentationsoflanguage.LanguagecanalsoberepresentedinmanyotherwayssuchasBrailleandBritishmanualalphabet.Speechsoundsaregivenadetaileddiscussion,consideringthefactthatmostofourlearnersareeitherin-serviceteachersorwould-beteachers.
Unit3Thesymbolicnatureoflanguage
Thisisthemostdifficultunit,andatthesametimeaveryimportantone.FromUnit1weknowthatotheranimalsincludingourclosestcousins---chimpanzeesandapes,cannotlearnahumanlanguage.Whatmakeshumanlanguagesouniqueisitssymbolicnature.Languageinitssymbolicnaturecannotbeheard,orread,orseenortouched.Wehavetofindways（i.e.media）tomakeittangibletous.Soasalinguist,ourjobistoseethetruenatureoflanguagethroughitsmedia.Tohelpyouunderstandthispoint,youcanthinkofasituationlikethis:
differentmediasuchassounds,writingsystems,Braille,signs,etc.arelikedifferentcolourfulskinsthatwraplanguageup.Unit3istopeelthecolourfulskinsofftorevealthetruenature.
Thebestwaytosummarizethisunitisthegraphicpictureonpage97,abouttherelationshipbetweentheabstractform/abstractexistenceandmaterialexistence.
Unit4Languagefunction1:
organizingourexperiencesofthematerialworld
Uptonow,wecanseelanguageasanabstractentitywithtangibleskins.FromUnit4onwards,thefocusofourattentionisonwhatsortofthingswedoinusinglanguage.Technicallywecallsuchunderstandingoflanguageasfunctionalanalysis.Therearefourmajorfunctionswhicharediscussedinfourunits.Unit4isonthefunctionoforganizingourexperiencesofthematerialworld.Weexperienceanobjectthroughoursenses.Thisexperienceisvague,slipperyandtemporary.Weuselanguagetomakeitclear,frozenandstoredforfutureuse.
Thefigureonpage150showshowdifferentpeopleexperiencethesamethingdifferently.
Unit5Languagefunction2:
doingthingswithlanguage
Thisunitintroducesthenotionofspeechacts.Wedospeechactsallthetimeeveryday:
wemakearequest,askaquestion,invitesomeonetodinner,apologizeforbeinglate,etc.,etc.
Unit6Languagefunction3:
managinginterpersonalrelations
Thereareallsortsofpeopleandallsortsofrelationsinthesocialworld.Forexample,thereareteacher-studentrelation,shop-keeper-customerrelation,employer-employeerelation,husband-wiferelation,etc.Somepeoplearemorepowerfulthanothers;someareolderormoreseniorthanothers.Allthesedifferencesinstatus,power,gender,andagearecarefullyhandledthroughtheuseoflanguage.
Unit7Languagefunction4:
Talk,talkandtalk
Mostofourwakinglifeisspentontalking,andagreatdealofrealbusinessisdonethroughtalking.Theexaminationofhowtalkisbeingcarriedoutisarecenteventinthehistoryoflinguistics.Itisknownasconversationanalysisordiscourseanalysis.
Unit8Languageinsociety
Uptonowwehavediscussedfourmajorfunctionsoflanguage:
Weuselanguageto
（1）organizeourexperiencesofthematerialworld;
（2）performspeechacts;（3）manageinterpersonalrelations;and（4）talk.Thisunitlooksatlanguagefromamuchbroaderperspective,namelylanguageinasocialandpoliticalcontext.Specificallywefocusonlanguageandidentity,bilingualism,andlanguageandpolitics.
Unit9Language,brainandmind
InUnit1wesuggestedthatapesandchimpanzeescouldnotlearnhumanlanguagebecausetheirbrainisdifferentfromhumanbrain.Itishumanbrainthatmakesitpossibleforhumanstodeveloplanguage.Inthisunitwearegoingtotakeacloserlookattherelationshipbetweenthebrain/mindandlanguage.
Atthispointyoumaywanttoknowthedifferencebetweenthebrainandmind.Thewordbrainherereferstothephysiologicalsubstanceinsidetheskull.Thewordmind,ontheotherhand,referstopsychologicalactivitieswedobyusingthebrain,activitiessuchasthinking,perceiving,memorizing,imagining,gettingemotional,andsoon.
Themajorissueofthisunitisconcerninglanguageacquisition.Forachildtoacquireitsmothertongue,itneedsthreethings:
（1）languageexposureenvironment,
（2）cognitivecapacity,and（3）innateness.
Unit10GeneralreviewandCourseassessment
Asthetitlesuggests,thisunittriestogiveyouageneralreviewofthepreviousnineunits;italsogivesyousomeideaofhowtoprepareforthecourseassessment.
四、综合练习
Section1 Checkingcontentawarenessofthecourse:
I.Completethefollowingitemsbyprovidingtheinformationbasedonthecoursebook.
1. Unit1isentitled“AwarenessofOurLanguage”.“Ourlanguage”refersto_________.（humanlanguageingeneral）
2. Theemperor’swordswerepowerful,notbecausetheyhad______power,butbecausetheemperorhad______.（magic,socialandpoliticalpower）
3. Accordingtotheauthor,thelanguageyouutterisbothyoursandnotyours. Itisyoursbecause_______,anditisnotyoursbecause_______.（youareresponsibleforwhatyouhaveuttered,languagebelongstothespeechcommunity,nottoanyindividualspeaker）
4. Accordingtotheauthor,_____and_____arethetwomajorphysicalaspectsoflanguage.（speech,writing）
5. Inthewrittenformofcommunication,therearetwofundamentalskillsinvolved:
_____and____,whereasintheoralformofcommunication,therearealsotwofundamentalskills:
_____and_____.（writing,reading;speaking,listening）
6. Everydaywehavetocopewithallsortsofrelations.Accordingtotheauthor,theinterpersonalrelationarelargely_____.（managedthroughlanguage）
7. Accordingtotheauthor,welivenotinoneworld,butinthreeworld:
_______.（thematerialworld,thesubjectiveworld,andthesymbolicworld）
8. InUnit3,theauthorseemstosuggestthatthefactthatreadersfindlinguisticsdifficulttounderstandislargelybecause______.（languageisabstractinnature）
9. Accordingtotheauthorourexperiencesoftheworldarenotchaotic,but_____through____.（organized,categorization）
10. Accordingtotheauthor,thebestapproachtolinguisticsisnotlearningitbyrote,but_____.（learningitbydoingit）
11. Activity1ofUnit1ProfessorGuidedeliveredapubliclectureentitled“BeGratefultoLanguage”.ThekeymessageProfessorGuidewantedtodrivehomeis_____.（Otheranimalscannotlearnhumanlanguage. Humanbeingsowecivilizedandmeaningfullifetolanguage.）
12. Therearetwoofthemostcommonwaysofrepresentinglanguage:
________.（Speechandwriting）
13. Accordingtotheauthor,ofthe10units,themostdifficultoneisUnit3. Givethereasonwhytheauthorsaysso. （Unit3dealswiththesymbolicnatureoflanguage. Itistheabstractexistenceoflanguage.）
14. Unit4dealswithissueofhowweuselanguagetoorganizeourexperiencesofthematerialworld. Accordingtotheauthorwhatdowedowithlanguagewhenweseeananimalsuchasapig?
（Weusethewordslikepigorzhu（猪）tocap
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