最新牛津高中英语模块一语法整理.docx
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最新牛津高中英语模块一语法整理
牛津英语模块一语法
定语从句
(1)
1关系代词在定语从句中的使用
除了形容词,名词等作定语来修饰名词或代词,句子也可以作定语,我们称作定语的句子为定语从句。
先看这样的两个句子:
ThismanismyEnglishteacher.
Heisstandingatthedoor.
如果想把这两个句子合成一个句子,我们可将第二句转换成定语从句来修饰theman,即:
Themanthat/whoisstandingatthedoorismyEnglishteacher.
这个句子中,that/whoisstandingatthedoor充当了theman的定语,它就是定语从句;而被修饰的theman叫作先行词,that/who是关系代词。
2关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose的区别
(1)当先行词是‘人’时:
①关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,用that/who
Ishethemanwho/thattoldyouthenews?
②关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,用whom/that/who,也可以省略
Theboy(whom/that/who)Italkedtoyesterdayismybrother.
(2)当先行词是‘物’时:
可用关系代词that/which来充当主语或宾语
Thisisabookwhich/thattalksaboutgeography.
综上所述,that既可指‘人’,也可指‘物’,而which只可指‘物’,who/whom只可指‘人’;who/that/which都可作主语或宾语,而whom只能作宾语;whose在定语从句中必须放在一个名词前作定语
Thebookwhosecoverisredcan’tbefoundnow.
3只能用that引导定语从句的情况
(1)当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时
ThisisthebestdictionarythatI’veeverused.
Thefirstthingthatyoushoulddoistoworkoutaplan.
(2)当先行词被all,some,any,no,little,much等修饰或者先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时
Allthatshelackedwastraining.
Shewouldneverdoanythingthatwasnotapprovedofbyherparents.
(3)当先行词既有人又有物时
Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatmostimpressedthem.
(4)当先行词被thelast,theonly,thevery等修饰时
ThisistheonlyexamplethatIknow.
ThisisoneoftheverybooksthatIamlookingfor.
(5)当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that
Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.
4引导定语从句的关系代词常用which不用that的情况
(1)关系代词前有介词或介词短语时
Galileobuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudythesky.
HereisthebookaboutwhichItoldyouyesterday,
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时
Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.
Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasbetterthanwecouldexcept.
(3)当关系代词之后有插入语时
HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asI’vetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.
Hewasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplaywhich,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.
(4)先行词本身是that时
Thatwhichisevilissoonlearned.坏事易学。
Thatwhichiswelldoneistwicedone.一次做的好等于做两次。
5which和whose作定语时的区别
Which和whose都可以在定语从句中作定语,但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中,紧指物,并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词;‘whose+名词’与先行词不表示同一事物或情况
PeterspentthreeyearsinFrance,duringwhichtimehelearntFrench.
Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisunoccupied.窗子破了的那间房子没人住。
注意:
定语从句中‘whose+名词’=‘the+名词+ofwhom/which’
Theboy,whoseuncleisajudge,issingingunderthetree.
=Theboy,theuncleofwhomisajudge,issingingunderthetree.
Iboughtthebooklastyear,whosecoverisbroken.
=Iboughtthebooklastyear,thecoverofwhichisbroken.
6如何确定定语从句的引导词
下面两句话中的先行词都是day,但由于其在定语从句中充当的句子成分不同,定语从句的引导词也不同
I’llneverforgetthedays(which/that)wespenttogether.
我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。
(先行词thedays在定语从句中充当及物动词spend的宾语,所以定语从句的引导词要用关系代词which/that)
I’llneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)Iarrivedhere.
我永远不会忘记我到这儿的日子。
(先行词theday在定语从句中作时间状语,所以定语从句的引导词要用关系副词when,或‘on+关系代词which’)
7关系代词的省略
在定语从句中,如果关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语,那么我们常常省略关系代词。
如果关系代词在定语从句中充当主语,则不可省略
Heistheperson(who/that)wearelookingfor.
他就是我们一直在找的那个人。
(从句中that/who作介词for的宾语,因此可以省略。
)
注意:
介词后面的关系代词不能省略,而且指人时用whom,指物是用which
Thepersonaboutwhomwearetalkingisourheadmaster.
我们正在谈论的那个人是我们的校长。
(whom在定语从句中作about的宾语,而且先行词theperson是指人,因此只能用whom)
Thecompanyatwhichmysisterworksisintheeastofthecity.
8定语从句中的主谓一致问题
(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中谓语动词在人称和数上通常和先行词保持一致
Allthatshinesisnotgold.发光的不一定是金子
(2)‘oneofthe+复数名词’作先行词时,定语从句中谓语动词和复数名词一致
Heisalsooneofthestudentswhogotothepark.
(3)‘theonly/very+oneofthe+复数名词’作先行词时,定语从句中谓语动词和one一致,用单数形式
Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogoestothepark.
9定语从句与同位语从句的区别
(1)从语法角度来看,引导同位语从句的that是连词,只起语法作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,如例
(1)中的that;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,它除了起引导从句的语法作用外,还要在从句中充当句子成分,主要是作主语或宾语,如例
(2)中的that在从句中作动词told的宾语
(2)从先行词的词性来看,同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词,也可以是代词
(3)从可否省略来看,同位语从句的that一般不可以省略,但是定语从句中的关系代词如果在从句中充当宾语,在非正式用语中常常可以省略
例
(1)WeweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthattheChinesewomen’svolleyballteamhadwonthematchagain.听到中国女排再次获胜的消息我们极为高兴。
(that引导同位语从句)
例
(2)Weweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthatourteacherhadtoldus.
听到老师告诉我们的消息我们感到很高兴
10定语从句与状语从句的区别
定语从句的关系词在从句中要作某种成分,因而从句成分不完整;而引导状语从句的连接词在句中不作任何成分,因此句子成分完整
Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.(定语从句)
Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.(结果状语从句)
11定语从句与强调句型的区别
定语从句对名词或代词起修饰和限制作用,关系词可以是that,which,as,who,另一方面,句子中的It有所指代;而强调句型是对某部分加强语气,强调语气的连接词只能是that,who,并且句子中的It没有任何意义。
两种从句的判断一般比较明显,而有事就难以区别,需要根据上下文的语境来判断。
如下面一句话:
Itisabookthathewants.
此句究竟是强调句型还是定语从句,就要从语境上来判断。
如果它是用来回答Whatisthis/that?
这样的问题,意思就是:
它是一本他想要的书。
句子显然是定语从句。
如果是用来回答Whatdoeshewant?
这样的问题,那么意思就是:
他想要的是一本书。
显然,句子是强调句型。
【真题回放】
1()Theprizewillgotothewriterstoryshowsthemostimagination.
AthatBwhichCwhoseDwhat
2()You’llfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstationyoucanhiretoreachyourhostfamily.
AwhichBwhereCwhenDas
3()I’vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschoolImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.
AwhoBwhereCwhenDwhich
4()Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhousesarebuiltclosetoeachother.
AtheyBwhereCwhatDthat
5()That’sthenewmachinepartsaresmalltobeseen.
AthatBwhichCwhoseDwhat
6()Theoldtempleroofwasdamagedinstormisnowunderrepair.
AwhereBwhichCitsDwhose
7()Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomethingwassomeoneelse’sfault.
AwhoBthatCasDwhat
8()Childrenwhoarenoactiveordietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.
AwhatBwhoseCwhichDthat
9()InChina,thenumberofcitiesisincreasingdevelopmentisrecognizedacrosstheworld.
AwhereBwhichCwhoseDthat
定语从句
(2)
1‘介词+关系代词’结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,to等,关系代词只可用whom,which,或whose,不可用that。
这些词既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。
主要有以下几种结构:
(1)介词+关系代词
Whoisthemanwithwhomyoushookhandsjustnow?
(2)名词+介词+关系代词
Givemethebookthecoverofwhichisred(thecoverofwhich=whosecover).
注意:
当先行词是物时,作定语的引导词‘whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich或ofwhich+the+n.’
(3)代词+介词+关系代词
Ashewasalively,cousinman,hehidagreatdeal,andnoticedmanyinterestingthings,allofwhichherecordedinhisdiary.
(4)介词+关系代词+名词
Hegoestobedatten,atwhichhourhisbrotherlocksallthedoorsandwindows.
(5)形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
Hehasboughtmanynovels,themostinterestingofwhichiswrittenbyHanHan.
(6)数词+介词+关系代词
Ihavethreebrothers,twoofwhomhavejustgraduatedfromthesameuniversity.
【巧记】
‘介词+关系代词’结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时则用which。
介词的选择可以根据以下关系确定:
(1)介词与定语从句中的动词或形容词是一种习惯性搭配。
ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid8yuan.
ThetwothingsaboutwhichMarxwasnotsurewerethegrammarandsomeoftheidiomsofEnglish.
(2)介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配。
Therewasnowayinwhichitcouldbeboughtbacktotheearth.
没有办法可以把它带到地球上来。
(依据短语inthisway)
(3)根据所表达的意思确定
Thegaswithwhichdoctorscansavethepatientsiscalledoxygen.
Thegaswithoutwhichwecan’tliveiscalledoxygen.
(4)表示所有关系或整体中的一部分时,用介词of
Therearedifferentformsofenergy,mostofwhichcomefromthesun.
注意:
含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开,即介词仍放在动词之后,因此不能使用‘介词+关系代词’结构
此类短语有:
listento,lookat,payattentionto,carefor等
Isthisthewatchheislookingfor?
2关系副词的用法
关系副词(=介词+关系代词):
关系副词
先行词
在从句中的作用
说明
When(=at/on/in/during…which)
时间名词
时间状语
非正式文体中,有时用that代替关系副词,如通常用在way后
Where(=in/at…which)
地点名词
地点状语
Why=(forwhich)
Reason和explanation
原因状语
Theraincameatatimewhen(=atwhich)itwasnotneeded.
Thisisthecomputerwhere(=by/onwhich)hehasstolentop-secretdocuments.
Hereistheplacewhere(=atwhich)themurdertookplace.
Hedidn’tgiveanyreasonwhy(=forwhich)Ihadbeenfired.
【提示】
当先行词是situation,point,case,stage等表示某种情景、状况的词时,常用where或in/atwhich引导定语从句。
Canyouimagineasituationwhere/inwhichyoucanusetheword?
【巧记】
如果表示时间、地点、原因的名词不作状语,而是作主语、宾语或者表语时,必须用关系代词that/which来引导而不是用where等
May1isthedayIwillneverforget.
五月一号是我永远不会忘记的一天。
(that作forget的宾语)
TheThreeGorgesisabeautifulplace(that/which)peopleallovertheworldlookforwardtovisiting.长江三峡是个美丽的地方,全世界的人都渴望来参观。
(that或which作visiting的宾语)
Isthisthereasonthathegaveusforbeinglate?
这就是他给我们的迟到的原因吗?
(that作gave的直接宾语)
【真题回放】
1()Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstructionhadtakenmorethanthreeyears.
AforwhichBwithwhichCofwhichDtowhich
2()Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures,eachofusesitsomewhatdifferently.
AwhichBwhatCthemDthose
3()Abankistheplacetheylendyouanumbrellainfairweatherandaskforitbackwhenitbeginstorain.
AwhenBthatCwhereDthere
4()ItwasApril29,2011PrinceWilliamandKateMiddletonwalkedintothepalacehalloftheweddingceremony.
AthatBwhenCsinceDbefore
5()Thedaysaregonephysicalstrengthwasallyouneededtomakealiving.
AwhenBthatCwhereDwhich
6()Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriend,weenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.
AwhichBwhereCwhoDthat
7()JuliewasgoodatGerman,FrenchandRussian,allofshespokefluently.
AwhoBwhomCwhichDthat
8()StephenHawkingbelievesthattheearthisunlikelytobetheonlyplanetlifehasdevelopedgradually.
AthatBwhereCwhichDwhose
9()Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneofIhadevermetbefore.
AthemBwhoCwhomDthese
10()Mozart’sbirthplaceandthehousehecomposed‘TheMagicFlute’arebothmuseumsnow.
AwhereBwhenCthereDwhich
11()IhavereachedapointinmylifeIamsupposedtomakedecisionsofmyown.
AwhichBwhereChowDwhy
12()She’llneverforgetherstaythereshefoundhersonwhohadgonem