免费新编英语教程7课文讲解综合英语7.docx

免费新编英语教程7课文讲解综合英语7.docx

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免费新编英语教程7课文讲解综合英语7

ANewEnglishCourse（Level7）

UnitOne

TextI

EnglishandAmericanConceptsofSpace

I.AbouttheAuthor---EdwardTwitchellHall（1914---）,.anthropologist,author,andteacher,receivedhis.degreeinanthropologyfromColumbiaUniversity.Hehastaughtatvariousinstitutions,suchasHarvardBusinessSchool,theIllinoisInstituteofTechnology,andNorthwesternUniversity.Hisworksinclude:

TheSilentLanguage（1959）,astudyofnonverbalcommunication,andTheHiddenDimension（1966）,astudyof“socialandpersonalspaceandman’sperceptionofit.”Thepresenttext,aselectionfromTheHiddenDimension,givesacontrastbetweenEnglishandAmericanconceptsofpersonalspace.

Abouttheauthor:

Downthedrain

Edward’sTheHiddenDimension,perhapsthescariestbook（evenscarierthan1984）Ieverread.Scary,becauseitisn’tfiction,butaratherelaborateessayonanthropologyandproxemicbehavior.IfHall’sright,thingsasdisregardforothercultures,mindlessurbandevelopmentanddemographicgrowthhavegeneratedabehavioralsinkinwhichstress,crime,intoleranceandphysicalandpsychicdiseasegroweveryday,andtomakethingsworse,ourgovernmentstakemeasuresthatonlyacceleratetheprocess.Weareallgoingdownthedrain.

PutEdHall’sInsightstoWorkinYourWorld

EdHallisoneofthepreeminentculturalanthropologistsofalltimes.Hisworks,studies,andinsightsintotherichmodernanthropologyreflectalifelongpassionhedevelopedasateenagerinthe1930’sSouthwest.assignedtoworkonwhite-managedWPAcrewsalongsideNavajoworkerswhoseculturalbearingsandworldviewswerevastlydifferentthanhisownpeople’sviews.

HiddenDimensionsexaminestheculturalcontextsofspace,howpeopledefinetheirpersonalandcommunityspacesaspartoftheirculturalnorms.

HowfarapartorclosedopeopleofasimilarculturefeelcomfortablestandingorsittingnexttooneanotherandinwhatcircumstancesWhendoyoufeelsomeoneis“inyourspace”Thispersonalcomfortzonediffersculturetoculture.Yoursmaybedifferentthanmine.Halldevelopsthese“proxemics”（proximity）inthisbookbyobservingandvisitingwithpeoplesfromaroundtheglobe,andsharesthewisdomgainedwithyousothatyoumightexpandyourownworldviewsandspatialorientationswhenmixingwithforeignculturestoyourown.

Wellworththeshecklestoaddthisgreatworktoyourlife’slibrary.CollectallofHall’sworks.

BestoftheBest

Afabulouswritingonhowhumanbeingsreacttoandmakeuseofspecialdistancefromaphysicalandpsychologicalviewpoint,.thestudyofproxemics.Thetypeofbookthatshouldbereissuedwithoutfailbythepublisher,thoughitisold,sinceitisaclassicinitsfield.Actualnumericaldistancesandtheireffect/use/experiencebyhumansareexplainedaswellasmuchabouteyesightanditsabilities.HallalsoexplainshowdifferentEurocultures（German,French,andothers）plushowAmericansusespacedifferently.I’mseldomthispositiveaboutanybookbutmustgivethisoneahighestrating.

II.OrganizationandDevelopment

Likemostwritingsofanacademicnature,thisarticleisneatly-structured.Itsthesisisclearlystatedinthefirstparagraphandisdevelopedintherestofthearticlebycontrast.Canyouidentifythesentenceinthefirstparagraphthatstatesthethesis

Thesentenceinthe1stparagraphthatstatesthethesis:

IfthereeverweretwoculturesinwhichdifferencesoftheproxemicdetailsaremarkeditisintheeducatedEnglishandthemiddle-classAmericans.

ThecontrastsHallhasmadearefrequentlymarkedbywordsorphrasesgenerallyknownassentenceadverbialsorconnectives.Locatesuchitemsthroughoutthewritingandtrytotellwhatcontrasttheyintroduce.

Wordsorphrasesusedtoindicatecontrasts:

Paragraph1

“whereas”---contrastingspaceforAmericanswiththesocialsystemfortheEnglishasafactordeterminingaperson’ssocialstatus

“however”---contrastingtheimportanceofone’saddressintheUnitedStateswiththatofthepositioninthesocialsystemintowhichapersonisborninBritain

Paragraph3

“ontheotherhand”---contrastingwhatissaidinthe2ndparagraphwithwhatissaidinthe3rd,.theAmerican’ssenseofspacethatcanbecalledhisownwiththeEnglishman’ssenseofsharedspace

Paragraph5

“ontheotherhand”---contrastingthedifferentwaysinwhichAmericansandtheEnglishbehavewhenseekingseclusion

ThecontrastHallhasmadeservestoexplaintheapparentclashbetweenthe

EnglishandAmericans,.whytheybehavedifferentlywhentheyhavethesameneedtosatisfy.

III.Notes

1.InwhatsensedoesHallusetheword“separated”inthefirstsentence

Madeculturallydifferent.

2.What,accordingtotheauthor,hasreallyseparatedtheEnglishandtheAmericans

NotthedifferentwaysinwhichtheEnglishlanguageisusedasassumedbymostpeople,butthedifferentwaysofhandlingtime,spaceandmaterials.

municationsonotherlevels---Broadlyspeaking,communicationisoftwokinds:

verbalandnonverbal.Verbalcommunicationconsistsofwordlanguageandthevariationsinmeaningwhichapersonputsintowordsthroughthewaytheyaresaid.Thusdifferentintonationmayimpartdifferentmeanings.Nonverbalcommunicationconsistsofnon-wordlanguagesuchasgesturesandbodilyaction,visualaidslikegraphsandphotos,certainactivities,andtime,space,andmaterialsasmentionedbytheauthor.Whattheauthormeanshereisthatwordsdonotaccountasmuchforthedifferencesofthetwopeoplesastheotherlevelsofcommunication.

4.ego---1）self,especiallyascontrastedwithanotherselfortheworld;

2）one’sopinionofoneself;self-esteem,.:

Hehasanenormousego.（=thinksheisaveryfineperson）.

3）tech.（inFreudianpsychology）theoneofthethreepartsofthemindthatconnectsapersontotheoutsideworld,becauseitcanthinkandact;consciousself

5.rephrasethesentence:

ThedifferencesforwhichlanguagegetsblamedmaynotbeduesomuchtowordsastocommunicationsonotherlevelsbeginningwithEnglishintonation（whichsoundsaffectedtomanyAmericans）andcontinuingtoego-linkedwaysofhandlingtime,space,andmaterials.

SomepeoplecomplainabouttheEnglishlanguageforitsbeingsodifferentinthetwocountries.Thesedifferences,however,mayhaveresultednotfromthewordspeopleuse,butratherfromindividuallinguistichabits,whicharedisplayedintheadoptionofaparticularintonation（EnglishintonationsoundsunnaturaltoAmericans）,andextenddowntothewaypeoplelookattheworld.

6.Proxemicsisthestudyofthecommunicativevalueofspaceanddistanceinvariouscultures.Itincludesthestudyofthephysicaldistancebetweenpeoplewhentheyaretalkingtoeachother,aswellastheirposturesandwhetherornotthereisphysicalcontactduringtheirconversation.Thesefactorscanbelookedatinrelationtothesex,age,andsocialandculturalbackgroundofthepeopleinvolved,andalsotheirattitudestoeachotherandtheirstateofmind.Ofinterestaresuchfeaturesasthephysicaldistanceconsideredproperorcomfortablebetweentwopeopleengagedinconversationorstandingneareachotherinpublicplaces.Theseandothernonverbalbehavioralfeatures,whichvaryfromculturetoculture,havebeencalled“silentlanguage”byEdwardT.Hall.

“Theproxemicdetails”referstofactsorpiecesofinformationrelatedtoproxemics,.,howcloselytwopeopleshouldstandorsitapartwhentalkingtoeachother,whetheroneshouldhavehisofficedooropenorclosed,etc.

7.ApublicschoolinBritainisaprivatesecondaryboardingschoolwithapre-universitycurriculum.Admissionisbyentranceexamination.Theterm“publicschool”emergedintheeighteenthcenturywhenthereputationofcertaingrammarschoolsspreadbeyondtheirimmediateenvirons.Theybegantakingpupilswhoseparentscouldaffordresidentialfeesandthusbecameknownas“publicschools”,incontrastto“localschools”.Apublicschoolisdifferentfromacomprehensiveschool,wherechildrenofallabilitiesandsocialbackgroundsaretaughttogether.Apublicschoolgenerallypreparesstudentsacademicallyforhighereducation.Therefore,studentswhogotopublicschoolsaresupposedtobebettereducatedthanthosewhogotocomprehensiveschools.

8.Middle-classAmericansareaheterogeneoussocioeconomicgroupingcomposedprincipallyofbusinessandprofessionalpeoplesuchasmanagers,doctors,lawyers,teachers,governmentofficials,somefarmersandskilledworkers.Theyarecharacterizedbyacomfortablematerialstandardofliving,andrespectforproperty.SinceWorldWarII,themiddleclasshasbeenthelargestsocialclassintheUnitedStates.Inthemostpeopleidentifythemselvesas“middle-class.”

9.disparity---（C,U）（between,in,of）fml（anexampleof）beingcompletelydifferentorunequal;anoticeabledifference

.Thereis（a）considerabledisparityintheratesofpayformenandwomen.

10.Whatdoesthe“socialsystem”inEnglandreferto

Thetraditionalwayofstratifysocietyingintoclasses,whichremainsimportant/influentialeventoday.

11.Rephrasethesentence:

OneofthebasicreasonsforthiswidedisparityisthatintheUnitedStatesweusespaceasawayofclassifyingpeopleandactivities,whereasinEnglanditisthesocialsystemthatdetermineswhoyouare.

Oneoftheimportantfactorsthathascontributedtosuchabigdifferenceisthattheplacewhereonelives,toAmericans,canpresentasymbolofone’sstatusoractivity,whileinEngland,theclassonebelongstoidentifiesone’spositioninsociety.

12.Whydoyouthinkone’sspatiallocationmeansalmos