计算机专业外文翻译web30.docx

计算机专业外文翻译web30.docx

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计算机专业外文翻译web30

中文3283字

英文原文：

Web3.0:

ArealpersonalWeb!

Moreopportunities&morethreats

1.WHATISWEB3.0?

Web3.0isthesecondphaseoftheWebevolution.InWeb1.0,producerscreatedcontentsfortheuserstouseitandshareit.WhileinWeb2.0,theusersequallyparticipatedinthecontentcreationandit’ssharing.Web3.0haschangedtheentireprocessbybringingmachinesclosertotheusersandproducersformoredynamic,interactiveandefficientcreationofthecontentsanditsmanagement.

InWeb3.0,theprincipleisbaseduponlinking,integratingandanalyzingdatafromvariousdatasourcesintonewinformationstreams.Researchers,developersandeventheusersaredefiningWeb3.0intheirownwaywithonethingincommoni.e.personalizationoftheWeb.Orinotherwords,Web3.0willbeaboutfeedingyoutheinformationthatyouwant,whenyouwantit.However,thestandarddefinitionofWeb3.0hasnotyetbeenemergedatthismomentsinceWeb3.0ismainlyunderdevelopingbyWorldWideWebConsortium（W3C）tobecomeareality.

LinkingofdatainWeb3.0isachievedwiththehelpofsemantictechnologieslikeResourceDistributionFramework（RDF）andSPARQL,whichhavealreadybeenusedforthedevelopmentoftheSemanticweb.ThebasicfeatureofaSemanticWebistoallowapersonoramachinetobeginwithasingledatabaseandthenincreaseitsaccesstoinfinitydatabaseswhicharenotconnectedbywiresbutonthebasisofsomecommonelementslikeplace,concept,age,etc.SemanticWebisavisionofhavingdataonthewebdefinedandlinkedinsuchawaythatitcanbeusedbycomputersnotjustfordisplaypurposes,butusingforapplications.TimBerners-Leedefineditas“IfHTMLandtheWebmadealltheonlinedocumentslooklikeonehugebook,RDF,schema,andinferencelanguageswillmakeallthedataintheworldlooklikeonehugedatabase".ItisacollaborativeeffortledbytheWorldWideWebconsortium（W3C）andinvolvingalargenumberofindustrialpartnersandresearchers.

SemanticWebmainlyoperatesonResourceDescriptionFramework（RDF）whichisastandardmodelfordatainterchangeontheweb.RDFwasdesignedtoprovideacommonwaytodescribeinformationsoitcanbereadandunderstoodbycomputerapplications.RDFiswritteninXMLthatcanbeeasilyexchangedbetweendifferentmachinesusingdifferentoperatingsystems.Meantime,RDFjoinsstructureofthewebwithUniformResourceIdentifiers（URIs）andallowsoriginaldataineachdatabasetoforminanoriginalformsuchasXML,Excel,etc.

ThebaseofWeb3.0applicationsresidesinRDFforprovidingameantolinkdata,whichhasbeencreatedinWeb2.0era,frommultiplewebsitesordatabases.WithSPARQL,aquerylanguageforRDFdata,applicationscanaccessnativegraphbasedRDFstoresandextractdatafromtraditionaldatabases.WebOntologyLanguage（OWL）isanotherlanguagewhichcanplayamainroleintheapplicationsofWeb3.0.OWLandRDFaremuchofthesamethings,butOWLisastrongerlanguagewithgreatermachineinterpretabilitythanRDF.OWLisbuiltonthetopofRDFbutcomeswithalargervocabularyandstrongersyntaxthanRDF.

TechnologyfromtheSemanticwebanddatafromtheWeb2.0arethetwomainbuildingblocksofthenewWeb3.0.Byintegratingtheseblocks,Web3.0seemstocompriseoftwoplatforms,semantictechnologiesandsocialcomputingenvironment.

Semantictechnologieshavetheopenstandardsandcanbeappliedonthetopoftheexistingweb.

TheseSemantictechnologiescanplayakeyroleinthefutureWeb3.0application

like,advanceddatamanagementbyusingRDF,creationofaubiquitouswebequallyaccessiblefrommobiledevicesbyusingCascadingStyleSheet（CSS）6,stimulationtowardscreativityandinnovationbyminimizingthedistancebetweenmanandmachine,discoveringnewbusinessmodelsbyshorteningtheinnovationcycle,movementtowardsatrueglobalizationandlastbutnottheleastmergingthesocialwebcommunityinformationtogetherbyusingthesemanticwebtechnologyRDFe.g.SIOC-project.org.

2.WEB2.0VS.WEB3.0

WearecurrentlyinWeb2.0erabutrapidlyapproachingtowardsWeb3.0.AthinredlineexistsbetweenWeb2.0andWeb3.0whichisolatestheirscopeofworkandcauseofdevelopment.ThemainpurposefortheWeb3.0istofixandimprovetheconstraintsofWeb2.0rathertoreplaceit.However,wewilltrytofindthemajordistinctionsbetweenWeb2.0andWeb3.0.

TheprinciplefortheevolutionofWeb2.0wasthepromotionofinformationsharingandcontentcreation,eitherbytheproducersorbytheusersthemselves.WhileWeb3.0istargetedtowardslinkedsetsofdatacreatedindifferentlanguagesandatdifferentplaces.InWeb2.0,alargenumberofsocialwebs,blogs,databaseslikeWikipediaandsocalledvideoondemand（YouTube）etc.haveemerged.Web3.0focusesontheintegrationofthesedatasetsthatarecreatedinWeb2.0era.

TheuseoftechnologycreatesanotherimportantdifferencebetweenWeb2.0andWeb3.0.Mainly,threedevelopmentapproacheshavebeenusedtocreateinteractive,expressiveandscalableapplicationsinWeb2.0:

AsynchronousJavaScriptandXML（AJAX）,AdobeFlexandGoogleWebToolkit.AJAX,suggestedbyGoogle,isawidelyusedprogramminglanguageinmanyoftheWeb2.0applications.FlexbaseduponFlash,providesafine-grainedcontroloveranapplication’slookandfeel.GoogleWebToolkitisanopensourceJavadevelopmentframeworkthatmakesiteasytodevelopanddebugAJAXapplications.Althoughallofthesethreeapproachesencouragebetter,fasterandmoreinteractivewebapplicationsyettheinformationinterchangeamongthedatabasesinWeb2.0limitsinteroperability,whichiscalled“walledgardens”.Web3.0hascomeupwithasolutionforthese“walledgardens”bybringingmachinesclosertomanandforthatpurposeRDFhasbeenadoptedwhichdevelopsprogramminglanguagefromXMLtobeabletoreadandunderstoodbycomputers.ByusingthisapproachWeb3.0arrangesthemetadata,whichwascreatedinWeb2.0,intermsofrelationshipbe-tweendataresourceswithdatapropertiesandexploitsitmoreefficiently7totheusersandproducersoftheWeb3.0applications.

AllthecurrentwebsiteswhicharegoodrepresentativeofWeb2.0arebigsearchengines,usingAJAXprogramminglanguage.AlthoughWeb3.0isinthedevelopingstageyetDbpediaisagoodexampleforlinkingthedatasetswithWikipediathroughRDFtechnologyandprovidingaSPARQLbasedqueryofthesedatasets.Inshort,Web3.0hasmadeWeb2.0uniform,ubiquitousandmoreefficientwithanadditionalbenefitofnewstandardsofprogramminglanguage.

3.WEB3.0&SECRITYCHALLENGES

ThoughwehaveyettosecureWeb1.0&Web2.0butaccordingtothemarketersandthoseatthecuttingedgeofWebdevelopments,Web3.0hasarrived.ThisWeb3.0isnotthereplacementfortheWebweknowtoday,ratheranextensionoftheinformationwithwhichwealreadywork.ThecreationofmultipurposeapplicationsbymixingthepublicandprivatedataintheWeb3.0cancomeupwithmorecomplexandchallengingsecurityissues.

NewtypeofrelationshipbetweenusersandproducersinthewebdevelopmentmadeWeb2.0moreinteractiveandpopularamongallthestakeholders.However,theapproach’sinteractivityalsomadeitpopularwithhackers.IntheevolutionoftheWeb,theissuesrelatedtoscalability,performanceandsecuritythatdoexistinthecurrentWeb2.0willalsopenetrateinthenewWeb3.0applicationswithmorechallengingtasksfortheITprofessionals.

Mostofthetimesthewebownersaskthedeveloperstofocusonthefunctionalityratherthanthesecurity,lettingthehackerseitheraddmaliciouscontentorexploitthevulnerabilitiesofthewebsites.Thesenewdevelopmentshaveopenedthenewwindowsforthehackerstoplaya“catandmouse”gamewiththedevelopers.InthisnewWeb3.0,machineswillplayakeyroleforthewebdevelopmentandtheywillnotonlybeusedforthecreationoftheinteractiveapplicationsbutalsoasanautomatedtooltodiscoverthesystemandapplicationflawsandtheirexploitation.

SecuritychallengesthatremainopeninthisnewWeb3.0includecredibilityofthedata,controloverthemetadata,andprivacyimplicationsofmassivedatamash-ups.InWeb3.0,RDFSchema（RDFS）andtheWebOntologyLanguage（OWL）enhancetheURI-baseddirectmergingofdataintoasingleRDFstorebutwithoutdefiningthetrustboundaries8ofthisnewlycreateddata.ThecreationoftheentireapplicationsisbaseduponthemashingupofthedataandfunctionalityfromallovertheWeb.Butthetrustlevelofthedataandthecommitmentofthefunctionalitiesareuncertain.Thistrustlevelcanbeevenmoredoubtfuliftheattackersfalsifythedataintentionallyandproducesuchserviceswhichdon’tdo,whattheyaresupposedtodo.

ControloverthenewmetadataisanotherchallengeforWeb3.0applications.Sharingofthishugeamountofdatacanchangetheentirebusinessmodelsofthecurrentmarkets.Pushapproachwillcertainlybereplacedbypullapproach;ArtificialIntelligence（AI）agentswillbringonlythehighvaluerequiredinformation.Mashingupsofthishighvalueinformationintoinnovativeapplicationscandisturbtheentirevaluechainofthecurrentbusinessmodels.

AnotherimportantsecurityconcernfortheWeb3.0applicationsistheprivacyimplicationsofmassivedatamash-ups.Ifsomeoneallowsyoualegalaccesstoatagged/baggedgooddata,consideringthatyouwillhaveagoodcontrolofit,whatwillhappenifyoumakeamistakeandpublishitfortheworldforanyonetouseit?

Illegalandmanipulatedformsofthesametypeofdatawillbeavailableontheweb,whichwillleadtomultiplicationsoftheerrorsforanyone.Abovearethefewimportant