英语四级写作提分技巧.docx

英语四级写作提分技巧.docx

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英语四级写作提分技巧

　以下是为大学英语四级写作提分技巧：

独立主格结构，一起来看一下。

　　独立主格结构

　　独立主格结构指带主语的动词分词、介词、或副词词组。

何谓独立主格结构?

　　它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词的结构。

它不修饰单个的词，而修饰整个句子。

独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。

它构成一个单独实体，并具有如下两种功能：

（1）解释原因或情景

（2）提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。

　　例Freuddistinguishedthreekindsofanxiety,eacharisingfromadifferentsourceofperceiveddanger.

　　"each"是独立主格结构，"arisingfrom"是动词短语。

注意这个独立主格结构是一个"干巴巴"的句子。

通过改变动词形式，它的面貌可焕然一新：

Eacharisesfromadifferentsourceofperceiveddanger.

　　再看以下例句

　　Before:

Hisnosewasrunningandhishandswereshaking.Heleftthetheaterlikethat.

　　Interesting:

Hisnoserunningandhishandsshaking,heleftthetheater.

　　Before:

Heisknownforhisbadtemper,soIfeartheencounter.

　　Interesting:

Ifeartheencounter,histemperbeingwhatitis.

　　Plain:

Iftheweatherisfavorabletomorrow,wewillspendtheentiredayclimbingHuangShan.

　　Good:

Weatherpermitting,wewillspendtheentiredaytomorrowclimbingHuangShan.

　　Plain:

Let’spraythattheSoutheastAsianeconomywillsoonreturntonormal.

　　Good:

TheSoutheastAsianeconomy,Godwilling,willsoonreturntonormal.

　　Plain:

EarlyradioreportsexaggeratedthesuccessoftheraidontheEmbassy.SomeevenindicatedthattheVietconghadoccupiedseveralfloorsofthebuilding.

　　Better:

EarlyradioreportsexaggeratedthesuccessoftheraidontheEmbassy,someevenindicatingthattheVietconghadoccupiedseveralfloorsofthebuilding.

　　Plain:

Eventhoughthedrugcontroversywasstillfesteringaroundhim,intheend,defendingAustralianOpenchampionPetrKordawalkedawaywithasalutetoacheeringcrowd.

　　Better:

Intheend,defendingAustralianOpenchampionPetrKorda,thedrugcontroversyaroundhimstillfestering,walkedawaywithasalutetoacheeringcrowd.

　　有些短语在语法上可与它所在句中的其它成分分离。

这种结构不修饰句子的任何一个词，而修饰句子的整体意思。

　　分词连同它所修饰的名词或代词可构成独立主格结构。

同位语和插入语有时也被认为是独立主格结构

　　有用句型

　　DuringtheearlyyearsoftheCulturalRevolution,driedmushroomsondinnertableswereanunheard-ofluxury,andporkchopsunthinkable.

　　WeseeVanGoghintheroleofprophetin"SelfPortrait,"hisemaciated,luminousheadwithitsburningeyessetoffagainstawhirlpoolofdarkness.

　　ProfessorWang’shandwritingwasprecise,fussy,spidery,hisnotepadpalemauve.

　　同位结构

　　同位语指用于再定义相邻的名词（或词组）的名词（或词组）。

　　例Naturewasaddressedforthefirsttimeinauniversalandinternationallanguage,thepreciseandquantitativeidiomofmathematics,atonguewhicheverymanandwoman,irrespectiveofcolor,creedorrace,canuseandmasterifgiventhepropertraining.

　　注:

"thepreciseandquantitativeidiomofmathematics"和"atonguewhicheverymanandwomancanuseandmaster"是同位语。

　　Awkward:

Today,transistorsandothersolidstatedevices,suchaspersonalcomputers,cellulartelephones,andprecisioncontrols,tonameafew,arethefoundationofindustriesunknownafewdecadesago.

　　Better:

Today,transistorsandothersolidstatedevicesarethefoundationofindustriesunknownafewdecadesago-personalcomputers,cellulartelephones,andprecisioncontrols,tonameafew.

　　（注意:

industriesunknownafewdecadesago=personalcomputers,cellulartelephones,andprecisioncontrols）

　　Awkward:

Coolidgewasataciturn,moroseNewEnglandfarmerwhodidnotseemtohaveapparenttalents,but,heappearedtothecountrytosymbolizesucholdAmericanvirtuesasfrugality,honesty,hardworkandreligiousfaith.

　　Better:

Ataciturn,moroseNewEnglandfarmerofnoapparenttalents,CoolidgeneverthelessappearedtothecountryasasymbolofoldAmericanvirtues:

frugality,honesty,hardwork,andreligiousfaith.

　　Loose:

Biotechnologyisdefinedastheuseofanaturalbiologicalsystemtoproduceaproductortoachieveanenddesiredbyhumanbeings.Thesubjectisnotnew.

　　Better:

Biotechnology,theuseofanaturalbiologicalsystemtoproduceaproductortoachieveanenddesiredbyhumanbeings,isnotnew.

松散句，一起来看一下。

　　"and"和松散句

　　松散句在文章中随处可见，难以消亡。

松散句在语法上并没错误，它只是太长，且干扰读者对文章的理解，不幸的是，犯有此类毛病的作者往往屡见不鲜。

对此可遵循一条好的原则：

如果发现一个句子长及两到三行，则仔细考虑两遍，它很可能要彻底改动。

　　Rambling:

Theplanewasreadytotakeoff;havingnevertraveledbyplanebeforehesuddenlyfeltnervousastheskyominouslyturnedfromgraytoblack,andthreateningboltsoflightningshotacrossthesky,andthunderechoedinthedistance.

　　Better:

Theplanewasreadytotakeoff.Hehadnevertraveledbyplaneandsuddenlyfeltnervousastheskyturnedominouslyfromgraytoblack.Threateningboltsoflighteningshotacrossthesky,andthunderechoedinthedistance.

　　Rambling:

WeregrettoinformyouthatinclementweatherconditionsinourareahavecausedustoreschedulealldeliveriesforthemonthofFebruarysothatwemustalsorescheduleshipmentofyourordertoFebruary16.

　　Better:

I’msorrytoletyouknowthatawinterstormwilldelayshipmentofyourorderuntilFebruary16.

　　松散句经常有很多"and"。

在口语中，尚可多用几个"and"但若过多地出现在书面英语中，则令人难以接受。

取代"and"的方法是改用逗号或从属结构，或者干脆省略。

　　Plain:

TheGovernorofHongKongdescendedthelongandwindingstaircase.

　　Interesting:

TheGovernorofHongKongdescendedthelong,windingstaircase.

　　Plain:

Mygrandparentsspentlongsummerhoursundertheold,tallandshadytreeinthecourtyard.

　　Interesting:

Mygrandparentsspentlongsummerhoursundertheold,tall,shadytreeinthecourtyard.

　　Plain:

Byattendingthisworkshop,youwilllearnjustwhichcosmeticessentialsyouneedandwhichformulasarejustyourstyle.

　　Interesting:

Byattendingthisworkshop,youwilllearnjustwhichcosmeticessentialsyouneed,whichformulasarejustyourstyle.

　　Plain:

Toamanharassedbyanaggingwifeandundisciplinedchildren,workawayfromhomecanbeagreatblessing,andawelcomeescape.

　　Interesting:

Toamanharassedbyanaggingwifeandundisciplinedchildren,workawayfromhomecanbeagreatblessing,awelcomeescape.

　　Ineffective:

TheYangtzeRiverisoneofthelongestriversintheworld,andinthespringtimeitoccasionallyoverflowsitsbanks,andmanypeopleareendangered.

　　Improved:

TheYangtzeRiver,oneofthelongestriversintheworld,occasionallyendangersmanypeopleduringthespringtimebyoverflowingitsbanks.

　　Ineffective:

Thevillagehadapopulationofseventhousand,andatyphoonstruckit,anditwaspracticallydemolished.

　　Improved:

Thevillage,withitsseventhousandpeople,wasstruckbyatyphoonandpracticallydemolished.

　　Ineffective:

Hewasthemayorofthetown,andhewasagenialfellow,andheinvitedthefouryoungboysintohisstudy.

　　Improved:

Themayorofthetown,agenialfellow,invitedthefouryoungboysintohisstudy.

　　Ineffective:

ThecentralplainholdsSwitzerland’smajormanufacturingfacilitiesandmanyofthemspecializeinhigh-qualityandprecisionproducts.

　　Improved:

ThecentralplainholdsSwitzerland’smajormanufacturingfacilities,manyofthemspecializinginhigh-quality,precisionproducts.

　　Plain:

Ihadalwayswantedtogotocollege,andIhadalwayswishedtobecomeanengineer,andsoIenrolledatDalianUniversityofScienceandTechnology

　　Interesting:

BecauseIhadalwayswantedtoentercollegeandpreparemyselftobecomeanengineer,IenrolledatDalianUniversityofScienceandTechnology.

　　OrBetter:

　　IenrolledatDalianUniversityofScienceandTechnologytoachievemydoublepurposeofattendingcollegeandbecominganengineer.

　　Plain:

Nearthecenterofthecampusofouruniversityanewbuildinghasbeenerected,anditisconstructedofredbrick.

　　Better:

Ared-brickbuildinghasbeenerectednearthecenterofouruniversitycampus.

　　或Nearthecenterofouruniversitycampusisthebrandnewred-brickbuilding.

　　巧用倒装

　　Tobeornottobe:

thatisthequestion.

　　--WilliamShakespear

　　Neverbeforehavewehadsolittletimetodosomuch.

　　--美国前总统FranklinD.Roosevelt

　　Plain:

Wesatonthecliffsbythesea,watchingthesunset.

　　Interesting:

Onthecliffsbytheseawesat,watchingthesunset.

　　（介词短语-主语-谓语-分词）

　　Normal:

Theprofessorwalkedin.

　　Reversed:

Inwalkedtheprofessor.

　　（谓语-主语）

　　Normal:

Jeremyscornedhonestmen.

　　Reversed:

HonestmenJeremyscorned.

　　（宾语-主语谓语）

　　Normal:

AlthoughIamfondofmychildren,Ihopetheywon’tgrowupspoilt.

　　Reversed:

FondasIamofmychildren,Ihopetheywon’tgrowupspoilt

　　Normal:

Henevergaveupcertainhabitsofhisyouth,andoneofthemwasthathelikedtoinspecthisclothesthoroughlyforwrinklesbeforehesteppedoutofthedoor.

　　Reversed:

Certainhabitsofhisyouthhenevergaveup,andoneofthemwasthathelikedtoinspecthisclothesthoroughlyforwrinklesbeforehesteppedoutofthedoor.

　　Normal:

Stephenwasabunglerthen.

　　Reversed:

AbunglerStephenwasthen.

　　（补语-主语-谓语）

　　Normal:

Weshallneverfeelsecure.

　　Reversed/Interesting:

Secureweshallneverfeel.

　　（补语-主语-谓语）

　　Normal:

Thisisalostgeneration.

　　Reversed:

Thisisagenerationlost.

　　Plain:

TheimmenseexpanseoftheGobiDesertstretchesbeforeus.

　　Interesting:

BeforeusstretchedtheimmenseexpanseoftheGobiDesert.

　　（介词短语-谓语-名词）

　　Plain:

Hewasn’tcutouttobeapeacetimeofficer.Hewantedglory,hewantedtheexcitementofwar.Noone,exceptpossiblyhimself,haseverdoubtedhisphysicalcourage（oranyotherkindofcourage）.

　　Interesting:

Hewasn’tcutouttobeapeacetimeofficer.Hewantedglory,hewantedtheexcitementofwar.Hisphysicalcourage（oranyotherkindofcourage）noone,exceptpossiblyhimself,haseverdoubted.

　　Normal:

Nobodyknowswhylandssinkundertheseaandriseagain.

　　Reversed:

Whylandssinkundertheseaandriseagainnobodyknows.

　　Normal:

Idarenottrusther.

　　Emphatic:

TrustherIdarenot.

　　Normal:

Ineverthoughthewouldreturnalive.

　　Emphatic:

NeverdidIthinkhewouldreturnalive.

　　Loose:

Historyhas