化学高中有机化学知识点总结.docx

化学高中有机化学知识点总结.docx

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化学高中有机化学知识点总结

化学高中有机化学知识点总结（ChemistrysummaryoforganicchemistryknowledgeinSeniorHighSchool）

Chemistry:

summaryoforganicchemistryknowledgeinSeniorHighSchool

1.,waterbathheatingreactionisrequired:

（1）silvermirrorreaction

（2）,hydrolysisofethylacetate（3）nitrationofbenzene（4）hydrolysisofsugar

（5）preparationofphenolicresin（6）determinationofsolidsolubility

Anyreactionundertheconditionofnohigherthan100DEGCcanbeheatedbywaterbath,andtheadvantagesarethatthetemperaturechangeisstable,thefluctuationofthetemperatureisnotgreat,andthereactionisfavorable.

2.experimentswiththermometersarerequired:

（1）ethylene（170DEG）,

（2）,distillation（3）,anddeterminationofsolubilityofsolidinlaboratory

（4）,thehydrolysisofethylacetate（70DEGC）（5）,determinationofneutralizationheat

（6）nitrobenzene（50-60DEGC）

[instructions]:

（1）thermometerisrequiredforanyonewhoneedsaccuratetemperaturecontrol.

（2）payattentiontothepositionofthemercurybulb.

3.organiccompoundsthatreactwithNaarealcohols,phenols,carboxylicacids,andsoon,includingcompoundswithhydroxylgroups.

4.materialsthatcanreactwithsilvermirrorsare:

Aldehydes,formicacid,formicacid,formate,glucose,maltose-substancesthatcontainaldehydegroups.

5.canmakePotassiumPermanganateacidsolutionfadesubstances:

（1）thederivativesofhydrocarbonsandhydrocarbonscontainingcarbonandcarbondoublebonds,carbonandcarbonbonds,andhomologuesofbenzene

（2）acompoundcontaininghydroxylgroupssuchasalcoholsandphenols

（3）acompoundcontaininganaldehydegroup

（4）inorganicsubstanceswithreducedproperties（suchasSO2,FeSO4,KI,HCl,H2O2,etc.）

6.canmakethematerialfadebromine:

（1）derivativesofhydrocarbonsandhydrocarbonscontainingcarboncarbondoublebondsandcarboncarbontriplebonds（addition）

（2）phenols,suchasphenols（substituted）;

（3）aldehydecontainingsubstance（oxidation）

（4）alkalinesubstances（suchasNaOH,Na2CO3）（redoxdisproportionation）

（5）stronginorganicreducingagents（suchasSO2,KI,FeSO4,etc.）

（6）theorganicsolvent（suchasbenzeneandbenzene,tetrachloromethane,gasoline,hexane,whichbelongstotheextraction,thewaterlayerandtheorganiclayerisorangeredcolor.）

Theliquidorganicmatter7.greaterdensitythanwaterwithbromoethane,bromobenzene,nitrobenzene,carbontetrachloride.

8.Aliquidorganicsubstanceoflessdensitythanwater:

hydrocarbons,mostesters,andonechlorinealkane.

9.substancesthatcanundergohydrolysisreactionshave

Halogenatedhydrocarbons,esters（fats）,twosugars,polysaccharides,proteins（peptides）,salts.

10.organiccompoundsthatarenotsolubleinwater:

Hydrocarbon,halogenatedhydrocarbon,ester,starch,cellulose

11.organicmatterthatisagasatnormaltemperature:

Withthenumberofcarbonatomsislessthanorequalto4inhydrocarbonmolecules（neopentaneexception）,methylchloride,formaldehyde.

12.concentratedsulfuricacid,heatingreactionoccurs:

Nitrationandsulfonationofbenzeneandbenzenehomologues,dehydrationofalcohols,esterificationandhydrolysisofcellulose

13.substancesthatcanbeoxidized:

Unsaturatedcompoundscontainingcarboncarbondoublebondsorcarboncarbonbonds（KMnO4）;homologuesofbenzene;alcohols;aldehydes;phenols.

Mostorganicmattercanbeburned,andcombustionisoxygenatedbyoxygen.

14.acidicorganiccompounds:

compoundscontainingphenols,hydroxylgroups,andcarboxylgroups.

15.candenaturetheproteinsubstances:

strongacidandalkaliandheavymetalsalt,formaldehyde,phenol,strongoxidant,strongalcohol,hydrogenperoxide,iodine,threechloroaceticacid.

16.organiccompoundsthatcanreactwithacidsandbases:

organiccompoundswithacids,bases,andbifunctionalgroups（aminoacids,proteins,etc.）

17.organiccompoundsthatreactwithNaOHsolutions:

（1）phenol:

（2）carboxylicacid:

（3）halogenatedhydrocarbons（aqueoussolution:

hydrolysis,alcoholsolution:

elimination）;

（4）ester:

（hydrolysis,nonheating,slowreaction,fastheatingreaction）

（5）protein（hydrolysis）

18organicreactionswithobviouscolorchanges:

1.thereactionofphenolwithferricchloridesolutionispurple;

2.KMnO4bleachingofacidsolutions;

The3.fadebromine;

4.starchturnsbluewhenitisiodine.

5.proteininconcentratednitricacidisyellow（colorreaction）

I.physicalproperties

Methane:

colorless,odorless,insoluble

Ethylene:

colorless,slightlyodorous,insoluble

Acetylene:

colorless,odorless,slightlysoluble

（calciumcarbideformation:

H2SandPH3containingafoulodor）

Benzene:

colorless,hasaspecialsmell,liquidinsoluble,toxic

Ethanol:

colorless,withspecialfragrance,miscibleandvolatile

Aceticacid:

colorless,pungentodor,solubleandvolatile

Two、laboratorymethod

Methane:

CH3COONa+NaOH-（CaO,CH4=+Na2CO3,heating）

Note:

anhydroussodiumacetate:

alkalilime=1:

3

Solidandsolidheating（sameasO2,NH3）

Anhydrous（cannotuseNaAccrystal）

CaO:

waterabsorption,dilutionofNaOH,notcatalyst

Ethylene:

C2H5OH（concentratedH2SO4170,c）,CH2=CH2=+H2O

Note:

Valcohol:

V,concentratedsulfuricacid=1:

3（dehydrated,mixedwithbrown）

Drainagecollection（withCl2,HCl）,temperature170DEGC（140C:

ether）

RemovalofSO2andCO2byalkalilime

Porcelain:

topreventbumping

Acetylene:

CaC2+2H2OtoC2H2=Ca+2（OH）

Note:

drainagecollectionwithoutimpurityremoval

Cannotusetheuniversalgenerator

SaturatedNaCl:

lowerreactionrate

Catheterplacedcotton:

preventsslightlysolubleCa（OH）2foamfromcloggingthecatheter

Ethanol:

CH2=CH2+H2O（catalyst,heating,pressurization）CH3CH2OH

Idon'tknow.It'sanindustriallaboratory,too

Note:

anhydrousCuSO4testwater（whitetoblue）

Boostconcentration:

plusCaO,reheat,distillation

Three,combustionphenomenon

Alkane:

flameislightblue,notbright

Alkene:

brightflame,blacksmoke

By:

brightflamewithstrongblacksmoke（pureoxygenin3000DEGC:

oxyacetyleneflame）

Benzene:

flamebright,alotofblacksmoke（TongQue）

Alcohol:

flameispaleblue,putalotofheat

Four,KMnO4&bromineacid

Alkane:

nofading

Acetylene:

botharebleached（theformerisoxidizedandthelatterisadded）

Benzene:

KMnO4doesnotfadetofadebromineextraction

Fiveimportantreactionequation

Alkane:

substituted

CH4+Cl2=HCl（）+CH3Cl（g）+

CH3Cl+Cl2=HCl（）+CH2Cl2（L）+

CH2Cl+Cl2=HCl（）+CHCl3（L）+

CHCl3+Cl2=HCl（）+CCl4（L）+

Appearance:

palecolorwithoilyliquidonthewall

Note:

onlythe4generationisinthemethanegas

Chloroform=chloroform

Carbontetrachlorideactsasaextinguishingagent

Ene:

1,plus

CH2=CH2+Br2=CH2BrCH2Br

CH2=CH2+HCl=catalystCH3CH2Cl

CH2=CH2+H2=catalyst（heating）CH3CH3ethane

CH2=CH2+H2O=catalyst（heating,pressurizing）CH3CH2OHethanol

2,polymerization（poly）

NCH2=CH2,（a）,[CH2CH2]n

（monomer=polymer）

Note:

breakdoublebondtotwo"halfkey""

Polymers（polymers）aremixtures

Alkyne:

basicalkene...

Benzene:

1.1,substitution（bromine）

TheBr2+,（FeorFeBr3）,the-Br+HBr

Note:

Vbenzene:

V,bromine,=4:

1

Longcatheter:

condensing,refluxing,guidinggas

Antidumping

NaOHremovalofimpurity

Phenomenon:

thecathetermouthwhitefog,paleyellowpowder（AgBr）,CCl4:

brownliquidinsolubleinwater（Bromophenyl）

One

2,insteadofnitration（nitricacid）

The+HNO3（concentratedH2SO4,60,c）,-NO2+H2O\\

Note:

firstaddconcentratednitricacid,andthenaddconcentratedsulfuricacid,coolingtoroomtemperature,plusbenzene

50degrees-60degrees[waterbath]thermometerinsertbeaker

Inadditiontomixedacid:

NaOH

Nitrobenzene:

colorlessoilyliquid,insoluble,bitteralmond,flavorpoison

1.3,replace-sulfonation（concentratedsulfuricacid）

The+H2SO4（concentrated）,（70degrees）,the-SO3H+H2O

2,plus

The3H2（Ni,+,heating）,2003（cyclohexane）

Alcohol:

1,replacement（livelymetal）

2CH3CH2OH+2Na+H2=2CH3CH2ONa.

Thesodiumdensityisgreaterthanthealcoholandthereactionisstable

Thedensityof{cf.}sodiumislessthanthatofwater,andthereactionissevere

2.Elimination（intramoleculardehydration）

C2H5OH,（C,CH2=CH2=H2SO4170thick）+H2O

3.Substitution（intermoleculardehydration）

2CH3CH2OH-（concentratedH2SO4140degrees）-CH3CH2OCH2CH3（ether）+H2O

（ether:

colorless,non-toxic,volatileliquidanesthetic）

4,catalyticoxidation

2CH3CH2OH+O2=2H2O（Cu,heating）-2CH3CHO（acetaldehyde）+

Phenomenon:

copperwiresurfacedarkening,immersedinethanol,red,liquidhasaspecialirritatingodor

Acid:

substitution（esterification）

CH3COOH+C2H5OHH2O（concentratedH2SO4,heated）CH3COOC2H5+a.

（ethylacetate:

Scentedcolorlessoilyliquid）

Note:

[dehydrogenationofacidhydroxyalcohol][isotopetracermethod）

Porcelain:

topreventbumping

Concentratedsulfuricacid:

catalyticdehydration,waterabsorption

SaturatedNa2CO3:

easytoseparateandpurify

Halogenatedhydrocarbons:

1,substitution（hydrolysis）[NaOHaqueoussolution]

CH3CH2X+NaOH=（H2O,heating）CH3CH2OH+NaX

Note:

NaOHaction:

neutralizesHBrtoacceleratereactionrate

TestX:

addingnitricacidtotheAgNO3toobserveprecipitation

2,eliminate[NaOHalcoholsolution]

CH3CH2Cl+NaOH-（alcohol,heating）,CH2=CH2=+NaCl+H2O

Note:

HonadjacentCatomscanbeeliminated

AddHtoHandtakeoffHatH（Markovlaw）

Alcoholsolution:

inhibitshydrolysis（inhibitsNaOHionization）

Six,generalformula

CnH2n+2alkane

CnH2nolefin/naphthenichydrocarbon

CnH2n-2/alkynediene

CnH2n-6benzeneanditshomologues

CnH2n+2Ooneyuanalcohol/alkylether

CnH2nOsaturatedoneyuanaldehyde/ketone

CnH2n-6Oarylalcohol/phenol

CnH2nO2carboxylicaci