英语总结book3book42.docx

英语总结book3book42.docx

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英语总结book3book42

BOOK3

Module1Europe

WORDS

acrosscontinentalfacerangelandmarkgallerysituatedsymbollocatedarchitectprojectsculpturebirthplacecivilisationoppositewhereaboutsrepresentationregionfeatureancientbootLisbonMadridPortugalPortugueseGreekSpanish

PHRASESlooklikemorethanbefamousforworkonbecauseoflastforallthetimebeknownasoversincenexttorefertointermsofcomparewithhavecontroloverlittlebylittleontheotherhand

SENTENCES

1.ParisisthecapitalandlargestcityofFrance,situatedontheRiverSeine.situatedontheRiverSeine是过去分词作定语，修饰Paris。

2.ThemostpopularplacefortouristsistheEiffelTower,thefamoussymbolofParis.

3.Thecityisalsofamousforitsrestaurant,cafesandtheatres.befamousfor以···而闻名，相当于bewellknownfor

4.Gaudiworkedontheprojectfrom1882untilhisdeathin1926.workonsth.从事某事，相当于spendtime/energyonsth.

5.DuringtheRenaissance,someofthegreatestpaintersofalltimelivedandworkedinFlorence.ofalltime有史以来

6.Athens,thecapitalofGreece,isknownasthebirthplaceofwesterncivilisation.beknownas作为···而闻名

7.Theirworkhasinfluencedotherwriterseversince.eversince自从那时起

8.FlorenceisanItaliancitywhichbecamefamousbecauseoftheRenaissance,agreatartisticmovementwhichbeganinthe1300sandlastedforthreehundredyears.whichbecamefamousbecauseoftheRenaissance是定语从句，修饰先行词anItaliancity；agreatartisticmovement为theRenaissance的同位语。

定语从句whichbecamefamousbecauseoftheRenaissance可由现在分词短语becomingfamousbecauseoftheRenaissance替代，意思不变。

inthe1300s或inthe1300’s意为“在十四世纪”；表示某人的大约年龄用“in+one’s+数次的复数（eg.forties）”。

9.TheexpandedEuropeanUnionhasapopulationofmorethanhalfabillionpeople,twiceasbigasthepopulationoftheUnitedStates.TheexpandedEuropeanUnion扩大后的欧盟，expanded是过去分词作定语。

GRAMMAR

1.PassiveVoice:

一般现在时的被动语态：

am,are或is+过去分词；

一般过去时的被动语态：

was或were+过去分词。

2.Subjectandverbagreement

Module2DevelopingandDevelopedCountries

WORDS

hungerincomepovertydevelopmentmeasurepositioneducatefigurehomelesscrowdedsimilarityunfortunatetourismindustrialpollutedsmartentertainmentexchangereducevastfascinatingconstructionattractiveclimateinhabitantshugefreeway

PHRASES

uptoagreetodoatthetopofbetodosth.makesureencouragesb.todosth.makeprogressclosetopracticedoingsth.asaresultatthebottomofmakeeffortsbeconnectedwithbecloseto

SENTENCES

1.Theindexmeasuresacountry’sachievementinthreeways:

lifeexpectancy（howlongpeopleusuallylive）,educationandincome.index指数；指标；in···way在···方面

2.Theindexhassomesurprises.句子中的surprises为可数名词，意思为sth./sb.thatissurprises令人惊讶的事或人。

3.Norwayisatthetopofthelist,whiletheUSisatnumber7.句子中的while引导一个从句，表示对照。

4.ThebottomtencountriesareallAfricancountries,withSierraLeone（inWestAfrica）atthebottomofthelist.with引导的短语可表示附加说明

5.Forexample,innineyears（1953--1962）,Chinaincreasedlifeexpectancyby13years.by引导的短语可以表示谓语动词增加或减少的数量

6.Thereportshowsthatwearemakingsomeprogressbutthatweneedtomakegreaterefforts.makeprogress取得进步；makeefforts作努力

7.Althoughdevelopedcountriesgivesomefinancialhelp,theyneedtogivemuchmore.

8.Althoughmorethan80%ofchildrenindevelopingcountriesgotoprimaryschool,about115millionchildrenarenotbeingeducated.morethan可置于名词、形容词、副词、动词及从句之前。

arenotbeingeducated是被动语态的现在进行时的否定式。

GRAMMAR

Linkwords:

however&but;although&though;while

Module3TheViolenceofNature

WORDS

ashburycurrentdisastereruptfeathersflowfurlatitudelavaoccurtornadotropicalvolcanofloodworldwideterrifyingdamagestrikerotatingwarningfurnitureviolentruinpreviouspossibility

PHRASES

tidalwavepickuptake···offonaveragewarnsb.ofputoutmanagetodosth.inallcomeintoeffectmeantodosth.endupinsetfiretobeactiveintakeplacebeofnoeffectmeandoingsth.succeedindoingsth.takeplace

SENTENCES

1.Atornadoisarotatingcolumnofairfromathunderstormtotheground.columnofair由空气组成的柱状物

2.Tornadoescanpickupcars,trainsandevenhousesandputthemdowninthenextstreet—oreveninthenexttown.pickupsth.把某物拿起来

3.Theycandestroyhouses,butleavethefurnitureinsideexactlywhereitwas.Leave使···处于（某种状态/位置/地步）

4.Onaverage,thereare800tornadoesintheUSeachyear,causingabout80deathsand1500injuries.

5.Bythetimeitended,morethan700peoplehadbeenkilledand2700hadbeeninjured.bythetime到了···的时候，引导时间状语从句，相当于when。

6.ThecemeterywhereCoghlanwasburiedwasdestroyedbythehurricaneandCoghlan’scoffinendedupinthesea.endup结束，告终

7.TheGulfStreamhadcarriedit3000kilometresuptheeasternUScoasttoPrinceEdwardIsland.upaplace沿着某个地方，常常是由南向北，由下游至上游。

假如方向相反，则用down。

8.AlmostallofthemoccurintheUS,intheareafromTexasinthesoutheasttoSouthDakotainthenorth.intheareafromTexasinthesoutheasttoSouthDakotainthenorth为同位语，对前面的intheUS进行补充说明。

9.Whenthelavareachedthesea,therewasthepossibilityofahugetidalwavewhichcouldfloodhalftheisland.Thereisthepossibility···有可能···

GRAMMAR

1.Thepastperfectpassive:

引导词：

by,before,until,when等。

结构：

主语+hadbeendone+其他

2.Indirectspeech:

句型、时态等变化。

Module4SandstormsinAsia

WORDS

atmosphereblowchemicalcitizencoastalcycledamageconcerneddigdustexperturgentsurviveforecastgarbagemajormeltprocessevidencedesertification

PHRASES

cutdownbecaughtinoneafteranotherhaveabadeffectonlookthroughinanutshellgiveouttakeindigupprevent···（from）doing···protect···from/againstcarbondioxide

SENTENCES

1.Therewasnothingtobedone.什么也干不了。

比较：

Therewasnothingtodo.

2.ItwasthemostfrighteningandthemostdangeroussituationI’veeverbeenin.I’veeverbeenin为定语从句，修饰situation。

3.SandstormsinChinaappeartohaveincreasedinrecentyearsasaresultof“desertification”.asaresultof由···产生的结果，相当于becauseof。

4.Citizenswakeuptoanorangeskyandstrongwindsthatcoverthecityinathick,brown-yellowdust.

5.Thestormssometimescontinuealldayandtrafficmovesveryslowlybecausethethickdustmakesitdifficulttosee.本句中的traffic意思为“行驶中的车辆”；makesitdifficulttosee中的tosee为真正宾语，it是形式宾语。

6.Tobecyclinginasandstormisfrightening.

7.Theyareoftensothickthatyoucannotseethesun,andthewindissometimesstrongenoughtomovesanddunes.so···that···通常引导结果状语从句，意为“如此···以至于···”。

8.Icouldn’tagreewithyou.否定词与比较级连用表示肯定意义。

9.Thegarbageisthentakenawayand,ifpossible,recycled.

ifpossible如果可能的话

GRAMMAR

1.Infinitive:

形式

主动

被动

一般式

todo

tobedone

进行式

tobedoing

完成式

tohavedone

tohavebeendone

2.but+infinitive:

动词不定式在介词but,except,besides等表示“除了···”之意的后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式（do,does,did）,那么介词后的不定式要用不带to的不定式，否则要用带to的不定式；在can’t,can’thelpbut,can’tchoosebut（不得不，只能）结构后，不定式不带to。

Module5GreatPeopleandGreatInventionsofAncientChina

WORDS

affordbarkbeliefchemistcontributionequalfound（n.）honestyjusticekindnessleafleathermaterialmonkphilosopherphilosophyprincipleprintprintingrespectrulerspreadteachingsthinkeradviserinfluential

PHRASES

asenseofresponsibilitybringupforthefirsttimebeatwarwithbecomeinterestedininconclusionbeproudofbelievein

SENTENCES

1.AncientChinawasaplacewherestateswereoftenatwarwitheachother.atwarwith和···处于战争状态

2.Butitwasalsoatimewhenthereweremanygreatphilosophers.atime一个时期，一段时间

3.Confucius（551BC—479BC）isthephilosopherwhoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest.whoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest为定语从句，修饰philosopher。

4.Hestressedtheimportanceofkindness,dutyandorderinsociety.

5.MenciuswasathinkerwhoseteachingswereverysimilartothoseofConfucius.similartosth.与···相似；those为代词，指代teachings，thoseofConfucius相当于theteachingsofConfucius。

6.···,andhewasbroughtupbyhismother.bringsb.up把某人抚养成人

7.Moziwasanotherteacherwhowasveryinfluential.

8.Menciusbelievedthatthereasonwhymanisdifferentfromanimalsisthatmanisgood.believe后是that引导的宾语从句，从句中使用thereasonwhy···isthat···句式，其中why引导的是定语从句，that引导的是表语从句。

thereasonwhy···isthat···是一个固定句式，意为“···的原因是···”。

9.Theysaythatyouneedtobeabitmadtobeaninventor.“主语+v.+that从句”句型中，主语是“人”，谓语动词是表示人的思维的动词，通常有say,think,consider,hope,believe···等，表示“某些人（说/认为/相信/希望）···”。

这个句型常和以下两个句型互换：

（1）Itis/was+p.p.+that从句；

（2）Sb./Sth.+be+p.p.+todo/tohave+p.p.

GRAMMAR

1.Definingattributiveclauses:

关系代词：

who,whom,whose,which,that等；关系副词：

where,when,why.

2.ofwhom&inwhich

Module6OldandNew

WORDS

canalcarvingscivilcliffdamdynastyengineeringgorgeharnessnarrowgeneraterelicreservoirtempleterminalstructuresubmergesiteglobalaccommodateenormouscliffhydro-electric

PHRASES

datefromholdbackcometruemakesensebringanendtobefullofnowthat=sincebeonavisitliveahappylife

SENTENCES

1.MaoZedongwroteapoeminwhichhedreamedof“wallsofstonetoholdbackcloudsandraintillasmoothlakerisesinthenarrowgorges”.

dreamofsth.梦寐以求某物

2.ThreequarterofChina’senergyisproducedbyburningcoal.

bydoingsth.作方式状语，意思为“通过某种手段”。

3.In1993,Chinaused1.2billiontonsofcoalforheatingandgeneratingelectricity.fordoingsth.短语用作定语，表示所修饰的名词的用途。

本句中的forheatingandgeneratingelectricity表示coal的用途。

4.Thedamwillgenerateelectricityequaltoabout40milliontonsofcoalwithoutcausingsomuchairpollution.

equalto等同于

5.MostoftheGreatWalldatesfromtheMingDynasty（1368-1644）.daten.年代；时代；约会；v.与from连用后跟时期时，意为“起始于（某时期）；属于（某时期）”。

6.ThepoweroftheYangtzeRiver,whichistheword’sthirdlongestriver,hasbeenhar