建设绿色宜居乡镇从规划到原料能源再到开发与建设.docx

建设绿色宜居乡镇从规划到原料能源再到开发与建设.docx

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建设绿色宜居乡镇从规划到原料能源再到开发与建设

ThehistoryandfuturedirectionsofgreenwaysinJapaneseNewTowns

AnumberofsocietalchangessuchasanageingpopulationandalackofeconomicprosperitymeanthatJapanesegreenwayplannerswillbefacedwithanumberofnewchallengesinthecomingdecades.ThesesocietalchangeswillbeparticularlydramaticintheJapaneseNewTowns,whichwereconstructedinthelate1950s.SomeoftheseNewTownsmarkedadepartureforJapaneseplanningbyincludinganetworkofgreenways,whichwereplannedtoprovidepleasantcorridorsforpedestriansandbikers.Around30yearshavepassedsincetheseareasweredeveloped;todaythegreenwaysintheseNewTownshavebecomecorridorswithdenseandrichgreenery.Suchmaturedgreenways,whichweresupposedtoprovideanamenityforlocalresidents,haveincreasinglycometoberegardedasacauseoffearofcrime.Totryandmitigatethis,treesandshrubsalongthegreenwaysarenowcloselytrimmedorevenremoved.

However,suchmaturevegetationalongthegreenwaysmayberegardedasafeaturethatmaintainsthehistoryofthetown.SuchvegetationisalsoexpectedtoprovideecologicalcorridorsthataccommodatewildlifespecieswhichwereabundantintheruralareassurroundingtheseNewTowns.WithinthecontextofproposinganoptimummanagementschemeforJapanesegreenways,thefollowingstudyaimstoexplainanddiscusshowthefearofcrimeongreenwayscanbepreventedwhilstmaintainingtheirecologicalandhistoricalfunctions.

Biophiliaastheinvariantinhumanthinking:

Acasestudy—thetownofTábor 

Aestheticandsymbolicalrelationsofhumanstonaturewerenotproperlyconsideredeitherintheoryorinpracticeofurbanplanningasitwascarriedoutinourcountryinthe1970sand1980s.Thefact,thatelementsofnaturewithinurbanenvironmentplayanimportantroleastheypartlysatisfythebiophilaneedsofman,i.e.hisaffinitywithplantsandanimals,wasgenerallyneglected.

ThecontributiondescribestheattitudesofinhabitantsinthehousingestateofthetownofTábor,SouthBohemiatotheurbanenvironmenttheylivein.Basedontheempiricalevidence,twoconclusionscanbearrivedat.Absenceofnature,atleastinitssymbolicalform,provedtobethefactorlimitingthe“pleasantexistence”ofthepeoplelivingwithinhousingestates.Lowwillingnessofinhabitantstoactivelyparticipateintheprocessofmakingtheirurbanenvironmentlivableseemstoremainoneofthemostcrucialproblemsinheritedfromtheformertotalitarianregime.

HealthyAginginLivableCommunities  

BattlingAmerica'sEpidemicofPhysicalInactivity:

BuildingMoreWalkable,LivableCommunities 

TheUSsurgeongeneralrecommendsaminimumof30minutesofphysicalactivityadayforadultstoreducetheriskofchronicdiseaseandanearlydeath.Yetonlyabout1in4Americanadultsmeetsthatrecommendationthroughleisure-timephysicalactivityand/orconsciousexercise.Oneresultisthesocalledobesityepidemic,butasedentarylifestylealsoincreasestheriskofchronicdiseases,suchasdiabetes,cardiovasculardisease,osteoporosis,andcancer.WemustcreateenvironmentsinwhichphysicalactivitybecomesaroutinepartofthedayformoreAmericans.Encouragingroutinewalkingandbicyclingappearstobeespeciallypromisingbecauseofagrowingunderstandingofhowtocreatebicycle-andpedestrian-friendlysettings.Everyone,notjustthoseworkinginpublichealth,mustallythemselveswithcommunityleaderstopursueprogramsandpoliciestocreatesettingswith4keyattributes:

morecompactneighborhoodswithamixoflanduses;acomprehensivenetworkofpathways,trails,bikelanes,andmasstransittoallow“active”transportation;sitedesignsthatwelcomecyclistsandpedestrians;andanumbrellaofsafetythatencouragespeopletogetoutoftheircars.Manyspecificresourcesandprogramsarerecommendedtoadvancethisagenda.Finally,weallmustbecomerolemodelsbywalkingandcyclingwheneverpossibleandinvitingotherstodosowithus.

Theeffectofurbanqualityimprovementsoneconomicactivity 

城市质量对于经济行为的影响

Thispaperisconcernedwiththelinkbetweenurbanqualityimprovementsandeconomicactivity.Akeyquestioniswhetherimprovementsintheurbanenvironmentwhichmightbeachieved,forinstance,throughpedestrianisation,willaffectbusinesslocationchoices-forexample,areofficeorretailbusinessesparticularlykeentolocateinmorepleasanturbanplaces?

Thepaperoutlinesthecurrentstateofdevelopmentoftheliteraturewithrespecttotheinfluenceofurbanqualityoneconomicactivity,andproposesaframeworkforforecastingeconomicimpactsbasedonthreecommunitiesofreference:

customers,employees,andthebusinessesthemselves.TheresultsfromoriginalmodellingofacasestudyareainManchester,Englandarereportedandsuggestthatthepositiveupliftsthatmaybeexpectedfromenvironmentalimprovementprogrammesmaywellbeonascalewhichissignificant.Theresearchisobviouslyimportantfortheurbanregenerationandrenaissanceagendaswhichpositattractiveandwell-designedenvironmentsasawaytocreatetherightconditionsforpromotingeconomicgrowth.

Domesticfuturesandsustainableresidentialdevelopment  

Domestic‘futures’havebeenalongtimecoming.Thispaperquestionstheextenttowhichfuturistic‘vision’linkedtotherhetoricandsentimentof‘sustainabledevelopment’andthe‘livablecity’informtownandregionalplanninginEnglandandCanada.Despiteofficialcommitmentto‘environmental’objectivesandmediainterestin‘ecotech’residentialdevelopment,marketsinstitutionsandbehaviourlagbehindwhatistechnicallypossible.Planningguidanceencourageshomeswithlessenvironmentalimpact.Butthismessagehasnotreachedmostresidentialconsumers.IslackofmassmarketsinlowimpacthousingaflawinGovernmentregulation,evidenceofthecynicalnatureofofficialrhetoric,orproofofgradualproductdevelopmentassocietyredefineswhatisexpectedoflivingspaces?

Orisitunwisetoexpecttoomuchchangeinattitudestoproperty,orforinnovationtocomesoon?

Differentialcommunityeffectsonperceptionanduseofurbangreenspaces 

城市绿地对于不同社区和人群的不同作用与意义：

城市用地的使用与视角探索

Differentiationsinsocialtraitsaremoreimportantthanphysicalparkattributesininfluencinggreenspacepatronage.►Communityqualityfactorssuchasneighborhoodrelationshipandconcernaboutthecommunitynotablyaffecttheperceivedimportanceofgreenspaces.►Localgreenspacesplayasalientsocialroletocultivateneighborhoodinteractionandcohesion,andrelievethechronicandacutelimitationsinhouseholdlivingspace.►Urbangreenspaceplanningindevelopingcountriescouldaddthesocial-sciencedimensiontotheprevailingemphasisonphysicaldesign,withaviewtoembeddingthesociallifeofresidents.

Globalurbanizationandimpactonhealth  

Nearlyhalftheworld'spopulationnowlivesinurbansettlements.Citiesofferthelureofbetteremployment,education,healthcare,andculture;andtheycontributedisproportionatelytonationaleconomies.However,rapidandoftenunplannedurbangrowthisoftenassociatedwithpoverty,environmentaldegradationandpopulationdemandsthatoutstripservicecapacity.Theseconditionsplacehumanhealthatrisk.Reliableurbanhealthstatisticsarelargelyunavailablethroughouttheworld.Disaggregatedintra-urbanhealthdata,i.e.,fordifferentareaswithinacity,areevenmorerare.Datathatareavailableindicatearangeofurbanhealthhazardsandassociatedhealthrisks:

substandardhousing,crowding,airpollution,insufficientorcontaminateddrinkingwater,inadequatesanitationandsolidwastedisposalservices,vector-bornediseases,industrialwaste,increasedmotorvehicletraffic,stressassociatedwithpovertyandunemployment,amongothers.Localandnationalgovernmentsandmultilateralorganizationsareallgrapplingwiththechallengesofurbanization.Urbanhealthrisksandconcernsinvolvemanydifferentsectors,includinghealth,environment,housing,energy,transportation,urbanplanning,andothers.Twomainpolicyimplicationsarehighlighted:

theneedforsystematicandusefulurbanhealthstatisticsonadisaggregated,i.e.,intra-urban,basis,andtheneedformoreeffectivepartneringacrosssectors.Thehumanitarianandeconomicimperativetocreatelivableandsustainablecitiesmustdriveustoseekandsuccessfullyovercomechallengesandcapitalizeonopportunities.Goodurbanplanningandgovernance,exchangeofbestpracticemodelsandthedeterminationandleadershipofstakeholdersacrossdisciplines,sectors,communitiesandcountrieswillbecriticalelementsofsuccess.

Experimentalstudyofaclosedloopverticalgroundsourceheatpumpsystem

Groundsourceheatpumps（GSHPs）,alsoknownasgeothermalheatpumps,areapromisingnewtechnologythathasbeenusedforthelastthreeyearsintheTurkishmarket.Themainobjectiveofthepresentstudy,whichwasperformedforthefirsttimeinTurkeyattheuniversitylevel,istoinvestigatetheperformancecharacteristicsofaGSHPsystemwitha50mvertical

in.nominaldiameterU-bendgroundheatexchanger.Thissystemwasinstalledina65m2roomintheSolarEnergyInstitute,EgeUniversity,Izmir（568degreedayscooling,base:

22°C,1226degreedaysheating,base:

18°C）,Turkey.TheInstitute,builtin1986,hasalivablefloorareaof3000m2andusespassivesolartechniques.Theheatingandcoolingloadsoftheroomwere3.8and4.2kWatdesignconditions,respectively.ThesystemwascommissionedinMay2000andperformancetestshavebeenconductedsincethen.Baseduponthemeasurementsmadeintheheatingmode,theheatext