雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案卷十八.docx

雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案卷十八.docx

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雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案卷十八

2021年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案（卷十八）

　TheImpactofWildernessTourism

　　A

　　Themarketfortourisminremoteareasisboomingasneverbefore.Countriesallacrosstheworldareactivelypromotingtheir'wilderness'regions—suchasmountains,Arcticlands,deserts,smallislandsandwetland—tohigh-spendingtourists.Theattractionoftheseareasisobvious:

bydefinition,wildernesstourismrequireslittleornoinitialinvestment.Butthatdoesnotmeanthatthereisnocost.Asthe1992UnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentrecognize,theseregionsarefragile（i.e.highlyvulnerabletoabnormalpressures）notjustintermsoftheirecology,butalsointermsofthecultureoftheirinhabitants.Thethreemostsignificanttypesoffragileenvironmentintheserespects,andalsointermsoftheproportionoftheEarth'ssurfacetheycover,aredeserts,mountainsandArcticareas.Animportantcharacteristicistheirmarkedseasonality,withharshconditionsprevailingformanymonthseachyear.Consequently,mosthumanactivities,includingtourism,arelimitedtoquiteclearlydefinedpartsoftheyear.

　　Touristsaredrawntotheseregionsbytheirnaturallandscapebeautyandtheuniqueculturesoftheirindigenouspeople.Andpoorgovernmentsintheseisolatedareashavewelcomedthenewbreedof'adventuretourist',gratefulforthehardcurrencytheybring.Forseveralyearsnow,tourismhasbeentheprimesourceofforeignexchangeinNepalandBhutan.TourismisalsoakeyelementintheeconomiesofArcticzonessuchasLaplandandAlaskaandindesertareassuchasAyersRockinAustraliaandArizona'sMonumentValley.

　　B

　　Oncealocationisestablishedasamaintouristdestination,theeffectsonthelocalcommunityareprofound.Whenhill-farmers,forexample,canmakemoremoneyinafewweeksworkingasportersforforeigntrekkersthantheycaninayearworkingintheirfields,itisnotsurprisingthatmanyofthemgiveuptheirfarm-work,whichisthuslefttoothermembersofthefamily.Insomehill-regions,thishasledtoaseriousdeclineinfarmoutputandachangeinthelocaldiet,becausethereisinsufficientlabourtomaintainterracesandirrigationsystemsandtendtocrops.Theresulthasbeenthatmanypeopleintheseregionshaveturnedtooutsidesuppliesofriceandotherfoods.

　　InArcticanddesertsocieties,year-roundsurvivalhastraditionallydependedonhuntinganimalsandfishandcollectingfruitoverarelativelyshortseason.However,assomeinhabitantsbecomeinvolvedintourism,theynolongerhavetimetocollectwildfood;thishasledtoincreasingdependenceonboughtfoodandstores.Tourismisnotalwaystheculpritbehindsuchchanges.Allkindsofwagelabour,orgovernmenthandouts,tendtounderminetraditionalsurvivalsystems.Whateverthecause,thedilemmaisalwaysthesame:

whathappensifthesenew,externalsourcesofincomedryup?

　　Thephysicalimpactofvisitorsisanotherseriousproblemassociatedwiththegrowthinadventuretourism.Muchattentionhasfocusedonerosionalongmajortrails,butperhapsmoreimportantarethedeforestationandimpactsonwatersuppliesarisingfromtheneedtoprovidetouristswithcookedfoodandhotshowers.Inbothmountainsanddeserts,slow-growingtreesareoftenthemainsourcesoffuelandwatersuppliesmaybelimitedorvulnerabletodegradationthroughheavyuse.

　　C

　　Storiesabouttheproblemsoftourismhavebecomelegioninthelastfewyears.Yetitdoesnothavetobeaproblem.Althoughtourisminevitablyaffectstheregioninwhichittakesplace,thecoststothesefragileenvironmentsandtheirlocalculturescanbeminimized.Indeed,itcanevenbeavehicleforreinvigoratinglocalcultures,ashashappenedwiththeSherpasofNepal'sKhumbuValleyandinsomeAlpinevillages.Andagrowingnumberofadventuretourismoperatorsaretryingtoensurethattheiractivitiesbenefitthelocalpopulationandenvironmentoverthelongterm.

　　IntheSwissAlps,communitieshavedecidedthattheirfuturedependsonintegratingtourismmoreeffectivelywiththelocaleconomy.LocalconcernabouttherisingnumberofsecondhomedevelopmentsintheSwissPaysd'Enhautresultedinlimitsbeingimposedontheirgrowth.Therehasalsobeenarenaissanceincommunalcheeseproductioninthearea,providingthelocalswithareliablesourceofincomethatdoesnotdependonoutsidevisitors.

　　ManyoftheArctictouristdestinationshavebeenexploitedbyoutsidecompanies,whoemploytransientworkersandrepatriatemostoftheprofitstotheirhomebase.ButsomeArcticcommunitiesarenowoperatingtourbusinessesthemselves,therebyensuringthatthebenefitsaccruelocally.Forinstance,anativecorporationinAlaska,employinglocalpeople,isrunninganairtourfromAnchoragetoKotzebue,wheretouristseatArcticfood,walkonthetundraand