胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表.docx
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胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表
胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻
译表-
（1）（DOC）
胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表
1.语言的普遍特征:
任意性arbitrariness
多产性productivity
移位性displacement:
我们能用语言可以表达许
多不在场的东西文化传播性culturaltransmission
2o语言的功能:
传达信息功能informative人济功能：
interpersonal行事功能:
Performative表情功能：
Emotive寒暄功能：
Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal
元语言功能metalingual
3.语言学linguistics：
包括六个分支
语音学Phonetics
音位学phonology
形态学Morphology
句法学syntax
语义学semantics
语用学pragmatics
4.现代结构主义语言学创始人：
Ferdinandde
saussure
提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：
语言与言语
languageandparole，语言之语言系统的整体，
言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语
5.语法创始人：
NoamChomsky
提出概念语言能力与语言运用competenceand
performance
1.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtodescribedisplacement.oneoftheuniquepropertiesoflanguage:
a.wecaneasilyteachourchildrentolearnacertainlanguage
b.wecanuseboth'shu'and'tree'todescribethesamething.
c.wecanuselanguagetorefertosomethingnotpresent
d.wecanproducesentencesthathaveneverbeenheardbefore.
2.Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?
a.interpersonal
b.phatic
c.informative
d.metallingual
3.Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?
"is__
ainformative
b.phatic
c.directive
d.performative
4.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby__
asaussure
b.halliday
c.chomsky
d.thepragueschool
5.Whoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandparole?
a.saussure
b.chomsky
c.halliday
danomymous
第二节语音学
1.发音器官由声带thevocalcords和三个回声腔组成
2.辅音consonantthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltract.
3.辅音的发音方式
爆破音completeobstruction鼻音nasals
破裂音plosives
咅B分阻塞辅音partialobstruction
擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等
4.辅音清浊特征voicing
辅音的送气特征aspiration
5.元音vowel
分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状
6双元音diphthongs有元音过渡vowelglides
1.Articulatoryphoneticsmainlystudies__.
a.thephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech
b・theperceptionofsounds
c.thecombinationofsounds
d.theproductionofsounds
2.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin__
a.theplaceofarticulation
b.theobstructionfairstream
c.thepositionofthetongue
d.theshapeofthelips
3.Whatisthecommonfactorofthethreesounds:
p,kt
a.voiceless
b.spread
c.voiced
d.nasal
4.Whatphoneticfeaturedistinguishthepinpleaseandthepinspeak?
a.voicing
b.aspiration
c.roundness
d.nasality
5.WhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?
a.voicing
b.nasal
c.approximation
d.aspiration
6.Thephonologicalfeaturesoftheconsonantkare__
a.voicedstop
b.voicelessstop
c.voicedfricative
d.voicelessfricative
7.pisdivverentfromkin__
a.themannerofarticulation
b.theshapeofthelips
c.thevibrationofthevocalcords
d.thepalceofarticualtion
8.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsin__
a.aspiration
b.nasality
c.obstruction
d.voicing
第三节音位学phonology
1.音位学与语音学的区别：
语音学着重于语音的
自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象
是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语
音。
2.音位phoneme最小语音单位
3.音位变体allophones读音差别
4.对比性分布：
如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，
5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后，不送气的p绝不会出现在词首
6.音节syllable,分为节首onset节峰peak，节尾coda
7.辅音群：
一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过4个
8.最小语音对minimalpairs
I.Introduction
1.WhatisLanguage
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
2.WhatisLinguistics语言学）
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
3.SomeBasicDistinction区分）inLinguistics
3.1SpeechandWriting
Onegeneralprinciple（原贝V）oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope范畴）andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.
3.2Descriptive描述性）orPrescriptive说明性）Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.
3.3Synchronic（共时）andDiachronic（历时）Studies
ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.
3.4Langue语言）andParole（言语）
ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure（索绪尔）earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized（实际的）language,orrealizationoflangue.
3.5Competence能力）andPerformance行为）Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances发声）.
4.TheScopeofLinguistics
Generallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics（语音学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phonology音韵学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.Morphology（词法）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.
Syntax（句法）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.
Semantics语义学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.Appliedlinguistics应用语言学）isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.
Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.
HistoricalLinguistics历史语言学）isthestudyoflanguagechanges.
Anthropologicallinguistics人文语言学）usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.
Mathematicallinguistics（数学语言学）studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.Computationallinguistics（计算语言学）isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconceptsareapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.
II.Phonetics（语音学）
1.scopeofphonetics
Speechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:
Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学）wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinate协调）intheprocess.
Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediated（调节）bytheear,theauditorynerve（神经）andthebrain.
Acousticphonetics声学语音学）westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmitted（传送）betweenmouthandear.
2.Thevocalorgans
Thevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream,（气流发生器官）theproducerofvoice（声音发生器官）andtheresonatingcavities声音共振器官）
3.Consonants辅音）
Placesofarticulation发音部位）:
bilabial』双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,
（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,
（小舌）glottal（声门）
Mannersofarticulation:
plosive,（暴破）nasal,
（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破
擦）
4.Vowels元音）
Theclassificationofvowels:
theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）,thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）,andthedegreeofliprounding（rounded,unrounded）
III.Phonology（音韵学）
1.phonemes音素）：
adistinctive（有区别的）soundinalanguage.
2.Allophones（音位变体）：
Thenondistinctive
soundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.
3.Minimalpairs（最小对立体）：
wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.
4.Freevariation（自由变异）：
Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment环境），theydoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword.
5.Complementarydistribution（补充分类）:
Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment.
6.Suprasegmentalphonology超音段音位）:
thestudyofphonologicalproperties（性质）ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyaresyllable（音节）,stress/重音）wordstress,sentencestress.pitch（音调）andintonation（语调）.
IV.Morphology（词法）
1.inflection（构形法）：
thegrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.屈折词缀）
2.Word-formation（构词）：
theprocesses过程）
ofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.
（表明词法关系）Theyarecompound合成）
andderivation（派生）.
3.Morpheme（词素）:
thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.
4.Allomorph（同质异象变体）：
somemorphemeshaveconsiderablevariation,forinstance,alternateshapesorphoneticforms.
5.Typesofmorphemes:
Theyareroots,词根）affix（词缀）andstem（词干）.
6.Lexicon（语言词汇）：
initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.
7.Closed-classwords（封闭性）andopen-classwords（开放性）：
theformerwhosemembershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprinciple（实际上）indefiniteorunlimited.
8.Wordclass词性）:
Itdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedclasses.
9.Lexeme（词位）:
thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbe
distinguishedfromothersmallerunits.
10.Idiom（习语，成语）：
Mostphrasallexemesare
idioms.Itisespeciallytrueforasequenceofwords（词序）whichissemantically（语义上）andoftensyntactically句法上）restricted.（限
制）
11.Collocation（搭配）：
thehabitual（习惯的）co-occurrences（同时出现）ofindividuallexicalitems.
V.Syntax句法）
1.Positionalrelationorwordorder（词序）：
thesequential©顺序）arrangementofwordsinalanguage.
2.Constructionorconstituent句子结构）：
theoverallprocessofinternal内部）organizationofagrammaticalunit.
3.Syntacticfunction（句法功能）：
therelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisused.Thenamesoffunctionsareexpressedintermsofsubjects,objects,predicates,modifiers,（修W语）complements（补语），etc.
4.Category（范畴）：
Itreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,n
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